Free-surface undulations in open channel flows: undular jumps, undular bores, standing waves

Free-surface undulations in open channel flows: Undular jumps, Undular bores, Standing waves

by Hubert CHANSON (h.chanson@uq.edu.au)
M.E., ENSHM Grenoble, INSTN, PhD (Cant.), DEng (Qld), Eur.Ing., MIEAust., MIAHR, 13th Arthur Ippen awardee
School of Civil Engrg., Univ. of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia

Presentation	Detailed photographs	References
Footnotes	Related links	Acknowledgments

Presentation

In open channels, slow flow motion is called subcritical or fluvial flow motion, while rapid flows are termed supercritical flows. For intermediate conditions, the flow is said to be critical. Critical flow conditions correspond to a singularity, where the flow depth and velocity are function of the flow rate only, for a given cross-sectional shape. This singularity is unstable and critical flow conditions cannot be sustained over a long distance without the development of free-surface undulations. Undulations are stationary standing waves and they are often observed in hydraulics jumps and positive surges with low inflow Froude numbers.
Undular jump

A hydraulic jump is a stationary transition from a rapid (supercritical flow) to a slow flow motion (subcritical flow). Although the hydraulic jump was described by LEONARDO DA VINCI, the first experimental investigations were published by Giorgio BIDONE in 1820. It is extremely turbulent and characterised by the development of large-scale turbulence, surface waves and spray, energy dissipation and air entrainment (e.g. CHANSON and BRATTBERG 2000). The large-scale turbulence region is usually called the 'roller'. Experimental observations highlight different types of hydraulic jumps, depending upon the Froude number (footnote (1)) of the upstream flow. An undular hydraulic jump is observed at low Froude numbers (1< Fr <3): looking downstream (Fr=1.2) and sideview (Fr=1.6) (CHANSON and MONTES 1995, MONTES and CHANSON 1998). With increasing Froude numbers, other types of jumps include weak jump, oscillating jump (3.5< Fr <4.5), steady jump and strong jump (Fr >10). These photographs show surfers riding on a hydraulic jump roller in a river in Munich, Germany (Photo No. 1 : flow from right to left, Photo No. 2: looking downstream, Courtesy of Dale YOUNG).
A surge in an open channel is a sudden change of flow depth (i.e. abrupt increase or decrease in depth). An abrupt increase in flow depth is called a positive surge while a sudden decrease in depth is termed a negative surge. This picture shows an undular surge (Photo, propagation from left to right). A positive surge looks like a moving hydraulic jump. The application of the momentum principle to the unsteady flow is based upon a quasi-steady flow situation analogy (CHANSON 1999, pp. 67-71, KOCH and CHANSON 2005). A bore is a positive surge of tidal origin. Tidal bores occur as the tidal flow turns to rising (e.g. Lynch 1982) (Links : (1) ). Famous ones include the Hangchow (or Hangzhou) bore on the Qiantang river, the Amazon bore called pororoca, the tidal bore on the Seine river (mascaret), the Hoogly (or Hooghly) bore on the Gange. Smaller tidal bores occur on the Severn river near Gloucester, England, on the Trent river (aegir), on the Garonne and Dordogne rivers, France, at Turnagain Arm and Knik Arm, Cook Inlet (Alaska), the bores in the Bay of Fundy (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia) like at Petitcodiac, tidal bores on the Styx river QLD and on the Daly river NT (Australia), the tidal bore called benak at Batang Lupar (Malaysia). The front of a positive surge absorbs random disturbances on both sides of the surge and this makes the positive surge stable and self-perpetuating. With appropriate boundary conditions, a tidal bore may travel long distances upsteam of the river mouth. For example, the tidal bore on the Pungue river (Mozambique) is still about 0.7 m high about 50 km upstream of the mouth and it may reach 80 km inland.

Dordogne river

A personal experience of undular tidal bores
Hubert Chanson observed the undular tidal bore of the Dordogne river on 27 Sept. 2000 (5:00pm) (CHANSON 2001, IAHR Congress). The bore propagates first in the Gironde before separating and continuing both in the Garonne and in the Dordogne (Map). At St Pardon, the tidal bore was an undular bore on the day. Photographs No. 1 and 3 illustrate the undular nature of the positive surge. Photo No. 1 shows the arriving bore. Photo No. 2 illustrates kayacks and surfers riding the bore. Photo No. 3 was taken just downstream of St Pardon while Photo No. 4 was shot in front of St Pardon.
On 7 April, the writer experienced the Sélune river tidal bore at Roche-Torin and Pontaubault, about 90 min. and 30 min. respectively before the high tide at Mont Saint-Michel. The tidal range was 13.75 m and it was the largest tides in the Baie du Mont Saint Michel for 2004. At Roche-Torin, the writer heard the rumble of the tidal bore about 25-30 min. before the bore front arrived. The bore was first visible between Ile de Tombelaine and Pointe du Grouin du Sud (Fig. 3A). The front was more than one kilometre wide and it had not yet divided between the Sée and Sélune river channels. Later the advancing front entered the Sélune river mouth with a celerity of about 2.7 to 3.1 m/s (Fig. 3B). The freshwater flow was negligible and the advancing bore height was about 0.3 to 0.6 m, although the bore constantly evolved in shape in response of changes in channel topography. In front of Roche-Torin, the middle section of the bore was an undular bore in the deep water channel, while breaking bores were observed in the shallower waters and sometimes on dry flats. At one stage, the undular bore disappeared briefly on the channel centreline possibly because of a deeper water hole, although the breaking bores were clearly seen elsewhere moving upstream of Roche-Torin. About 50 min. later, the tidal bore reached Pontaubault, about 8 km upstream of Roche-Torin (Fig. 3C). A group of kayackists was following the bore for a few kilometres. The bore celerity was about 2.5 to 2.7 m/s, the freshwater flow velocity before bore arrival was about 0.1 m/s while the advancing bore front was about 0.4 to 0.6 m high. The bore then flowed beneath a 15th century stone bridge, called Pont Aubaud. The bore passage between the piers was extremely turbulent. Note that the bridge piers were shaped to cut the tidal bore.

Undular flows

When the flow Froude number ranged between 0.3 and 3, the relationship between specific energy and flow depth shows that a small change in energy can cause a large change in flow depth (CHANSON 1999, pp. 31-46). The flow is unstable and it often characterised by the development of free-surface undulations. The undulations are stationary waves, fixed in time and space. They are sometimes called improperly "standing waves" (footnote (2)).
When the flow Froude number is unity, the flow is said to be critical (i.e. critical flow conditions). Flows with 0.3 < Fr < 3 are sometimes called "near-critical flows". It was shown that the wave amplitude can reach very large values depending upon the flow Froude number and aspect ratio. These free-surface undulations might overtop and damage the channel banks. The propagation of larges waves over very long distances might also disrupt navigation, pump or turbine operation, induce unnecessary vibrations to downstream structures (e.g. locks and gates) or disturb discharge measurements at downstream discharge meter structures. The presence of undular flow modifies considerably the flow field and hence the turbulent mixing in the channel. (Existing softwares and numerical models of turbulent mixing and transport should not be used for undular jump flows.)

Basic experiments (CHANSON 1995) highlighted key features of undular flows in rectangular channels:
1. The vertical pressure distribution is not hydrostatic beneath the free-surface undulations. The pressure gradient is larger than hydrostatic at each wave trough and smaller at each wave crest. This observation is consistent with the curvature of the free-surface and ideal fluid flow considerations.
2. Significant velocity redistributions are observed between crest and trough. Zones of flow recirculation are sometimes observed.
3. Undular flows may be greatly affected by small changes in boundary friction. For example, for identical upstream Froude number and aspect ratio, a modification of sidewall roughness modifies substantially the shape and properties of the undular hydraulic jumps (CHANSON 2000, WRR).
4. The flow characteristics are significantly affected by the inflow conditions (fully-developed or partially-developed) and by the aspect ratio defined as the ratio of the channel width to the critical depth.

Summary

Free-surface undulations, undular jumps, undular surges and bores are indications that the flow conditions are unstable : i.e., near-critical or trans-critical. The stationary nature of the undulations is an impressive feature, sometimes used by individuals to surf tidal bore front over long distance.
The presence of free-surface undulations affect significantly the flow field. Significant velocity and pressure field redistributions are observed between successive crest and trough. In practice, undular flow conditions must be avoided in hydraulic design and river engineering.

Footnotes

(1) Froude Number
The Froude number is proportional to the square root of the ratio of the inertial forces over the weight of fluid. The Froude number is used generally for scaling free surface flows, open channels and hydraulic structures. Although the dimensionless number was named after William FROUDE, several French researchers used it before. DUPUIT (1848) and BRESSE (1860) highlighted the significance of the number to differentiate the open channel flow regimes. BAZIN (1865a) confirmed experimentally the findings. Ferdinand REECH introduced the dimensionless number for testing ships and propellers in 1852. The number is called the Reech-Froude number in France (CHANSON 1999, pp. 39-46). In rectangular channels, the Froude number is commonly defined as the ratio of the flow velocity to the square root of the product of g times d, where d is the flow depth and g is the gravity acceleration (g = 9.80 m/s2 in Brisbane).

(2) The term is "standing wave" is used for different meanings in ocean engineering, river engineering and hydraulic design. Stationary "waves" should be called free-surface undulations.

Detailed photographs

Series No. 1 : Undular hydraulic jump looking downstream (Fr=1.2) and sideview (Fr=1.6) (H. CHANSON Apr. 1993)
Series No. 2 : "Mascaret" on the Dordogne river, at Vayres (au port de St Pardon, France) : looking in the bore direction, looking upstream (Courtesy of Fabrice COLAS). The tidal bore (mascaret) on the 27 Sept. 2000 : Photo No. 1 : arriving bore; Photo No. 2 : kayacks and surfers; Photo No. 3 : close to St Pardon; Photo No. 4 : in front of St Pardon. Tidal bore on the Dordogne river on 21 Feb. 2004 : Photo No. 1 : arriving bore (surge Froude number about 1.05 to 1.1) at St Pardon; Photo No. 2 : bore moving upstream towards Vayres. Photo No. 3 : fisherman catching lamproie fish with net few minutes prior the bore arrival between Vayres and St Pardon. Tidal bore of the Dordogne river on 4 July 2008 : Photo No. 1 : view from Saint Pardon : very weak undular surge. Photo No. 2 : looking upstream towards Vayres. Menhir de Pierrefitte : neolithic mounument located at Chateau Saint Martial, on the right bank next to the old Pierrefitte harbour which serviced Saint Emilion up the 16th century. Tidal bore on 20 July 2008 at sunrise : Photo No. 1 : Dordogne river in front of Port de Saint Pardon before the tidal bore arrival. Photo No. 2 : ripple in the channel centreline marking the tidal bore front, view from the left bank. Photo No. 3 : wave breaking next to the left bank. Photo No. 4 : whelps 60 seconds after the tidal bore front passage. Tidal bore on 21 July 2008 at sunrise : Photo No. 1 : tidal bore front approching the jetty of Saint Pardon at 07:03. Photo No. 2 : wave breaking at the jetty during the wave front passage. Photo No. 3 : wave breaking on the jetty about 58 s after the tidal bore front passage. Tidal bore on 2 September 2008 evening : Photo No. 1: View from Port de Saint Pardon, looking downstream. Photo No. 2 : surfers in front of Port de Saint Pardon. Photo No. 3 : surfers on the second wave crest passing in front of Port de Saint Pardon.
Series No. 3 : Severn river tidal bore (England) : Photo No. 1 : at Awre where the estuary is wide and shallow (Courtesy of Professor D.H. PEREGRINE). The tidal bore is a breaking bore advancing from right to left.
Series No. 4 : Tidal bore of the Daly river, Northern Territory, Australia. Photograph taken late in 2000 when the water flow is lowest (Courtesy of Gary Higgins, The Mango Farm). Note the flat undulations.
Series No. 5 : Tidal bore of the Sélune river, Baie du Mont Saint Michel (France). Tidal bore on 7 April 2004 : tidal range = 13.75 m (highest tidal range for 2004). Photo No. 1 : Sélune river estuary, viewed from left bank at Roche-Torin at sunrise on 7/4/04 beofre tidal bore arrival. Photo No. 2 : tidal bore seen from Roche-Torin far away in front of Ile de Tombelaine with seagulls (white dots) in front of the bore. Photo No. 3 : advancing tidal bore in front of Pointe du Grouin du Sud. Photo No. 4 : advancing bore front viewed from Roche-Torin on 7/4/04. Photo No. 5 : advancing bore front viewed from Roche-Torin on 7/4/04. Photo No. 6 : advancing bore front just in front of Roche-Torin on 7/4/04. Photo No. 7 : tidal bore advancing upstream, seen from Roche-Torin on 7/4/04. Photo No. 8 : approaching tidal bore, one hour later, upstream of Pont Aubaud (15th century bridge) at Pontaubault on7/4/04. Photo No. 9 : approaching tidal bore, one hour later, upstream of Pont Aubaud (15th century bridge) at Pontaubault on7/4/04. Photo No. 10 : Sélune river tidal bore approaching Pont Aubaud (15th century bridge) at Pontaubault on7/4/04. Photo No. 11 : Sélune river tidal bore passing below Pont Aubaud (15th century bridge) at Pontaubault on7/4/04; note the bridge pier "knife" shape; note also that the bore became an undular bore just downstream of the bridge, possibly because of a local scour hole. Photo No. 12 : strong current below Pont Aubaud (15th century bridge) on 7/4/04 after the tidal bore passage, view from left bank looking upstream. Tidal bore on 2 August 2008: tidal range = 12.65 m. Photo No. 1 : Sélune river tidal bore at Roche Torin on 2/8/08 at sunset, viewed from the left bank (bore propagation from left to right). Photo No. 2 : tidal bore propagation past Roche Torin on 2/8/08. Photo No. 3 : tidal bore past Roche Torin on 2/8/08. Photo No. 4 : Sélune river tidal bore at Pontaubault on 2/8/08 at sunset, about 1 hour after flowing past Roche Torin. Photo No. 5 : Sélune river tidal bore at Pontaubault on 2/8/08, approaching the histoical Pont Aubaud (15th century bridge); note the undular nature of the tidal bore and the whelps (éteules). Photo No. 6 : interactions of the whelps (éteules) with the bridge piers shortly after the tidal bore front passage on 2/8/08. Tidal bore on 3 August 2008: tidal range = 12.65 m. Photo No. 1 : Sélune river tidal bore at Roche Torin on 3/8/08 shortly after sunrise, viewed from the left bank (bore propagation from left to right). Photo No. 2 : tidal bore propagation at Roche Torin on 3/8/08.
Qiantang River bore

   Read Coastal Observations: The Tidal Bore of the Sélune River, Baie du Mont Saint Michel, France (Shore & Beach, 2004, Vol. 72, No. 4, pp. 14-16).
Series No. 6 : Tidal bore of the Garonne river, France. Tidal bore on 5 July 2008 at Arcins (Latresnes). Photo No. 1 : tidal bore entering the Arcins channel. Photo No. 2 : incoming undular bore in the Arcins channel around 6:20am looking downstream. Photo No. 3 : whelps (eteules) behind the bore front shaking the pontoon and jetty. Tidal bore on 5 July 2008 at Langoiran. Photo No. 1 : very weak bore with some was breaking next to the left bank about 7:05am, while there was no bore in the main channel nor next to the right bank. Tidal bore on 6 July 2008 at Arcins (Latresnes). Photo No. 1 : looking downstream at the incoming bore around 7:10am; note the small ripple formed by the tidal bore. Photo No. 2 : undular bore passing in front of the photographer. Photo No. 3 : propagating bore; note the strong mixing and reflection in the inlet in the foreground. Tidal bore on 19 July 2008 at Podensac.Photo No. 1 : large-scale vortical structures at the free-surface on the channel centreline on 19 July 2008 at end of ebb tide flow (18:30) shortly before tidal bore arrival. Photo No. 2 : tidal bore propagation next to left bank looking dowsntream at 18:43. Photo No. 3 : details of the bore front impact on the left bank. Tidal bore on 20 July 2008 at Langoiran. Photo No. 1 : surfer riding the bore front next to the left bank. Photo No. 2 : surfer getting back to the boat after the ride. Tidal bore on 2 September 2008 at Podensac. Photo No. 1 : Advancing bore with surfers. Photo No. 2 : surfers next to the left bank. Tidal bore on 3 September 2008 at Baurech. Photographs taken from a kayack surfing the Garonne River bore. Photo No. 1 : looking towards the left bank while riding ahead of the first wave crest. Photo No. 2 : looking towards the right bank at several kayacks riding ahead the first wave crest. Photo No. 3 : riding the whelps behind the bore front.
    More about Tidal bores, Mascarets and Pororoca ...
Series No. 7 : "Standing waves"/free-surface undulations in the barrel of a minimum energy loss waterways. Photo No. 13: MEL water MEL-W-1 barrel in operation on 7 Nov. 2004, looking downstream; note the standing wave flow; Photo No. 14: inlet operation, view from right bank (MEL waterway (MEL-W-1) on 7 Nov. 2004); Photo No. 15: outlet operation, looking upstream (MEL waterway (MEL-W-1) on 7 Nov. 2004).
    More about Minimum Energy Loss (MEL) Culverts and bridge waterways ...
Series No. 8 : Tidal bores in Bretagne (Brittany), France. (1) Tidal bore of the Arguenon River, Bretagne (Brittany). Photo No. 1 : tidal bore at Les Pierre Sonantes, le Guildo on 15 Oct. 2008. Photo No. 2 : tidal bore betwen Le Guildo and Créhen. (2) Tidal bore of the Frémur Creek, Côtes d'Armor, Bretagne (Brittany). Photo No. 1 : tidal bore at Port-à-la Duc on 15 Oct. 2008. Photo No. 2 : tidal bore upstream of Port-à-la Duc on 16 Oct. 2008.
Series No. 9: Qiantang River near Hangzhou, China. The tidal bore on the Qiantang River near Hangzhou, China, is known as the Hangchow or Hangzou bore. Photo No.1: Qiantang River undular bore at Hangzhou CBD City Balcony on 9 October 2014.

Related links

{http://www.uq.edu.au/~e2hchans/civ3140.html}	UQ subject CIVL3140 Introduction of Open Channel Flow
{http://www.uq.edu.au/~e2hchans/tid_bore.html}	Tidal bores, mascaret and pororoca

Internet resources

Weather forecast BoM {http://www.bom.gov.au/}
Queensland weather forecast {http://www.bom.gov.au/weather/qld/forecasts.shtml}
Photographs of rivers in Australia {http://www.uq.edu.au/~e2hchans/photo.html#riv_australia}

References

CHANSON, H. (1995). "Flow Characteristics of Undular Hydraulic Jumps. Comparison with Near-Critical Flows." Report CH45/95, Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Queensland, Australia, June, 202 pages (ISBN 0 86776 612 3).
CHANSON, H. (1999). "The Hydraulics of Open Channel Flows : An Introduction." Butterworth-Heinemann, London, UK, 512 pages (ISBN 0 340 74067 1).
CHANSON, H. (2000). "Boundary Shear Stress Measurements in Undular Flows : Application to Standing Wave Bed Forms." Water Res. Res., Vol. 36 , No. 10 , p. 3063 (ISSN 0043-1397). (Download PDF File)
CHANSON, H. (2002). "Hidraulica Del Flujo De Canales Abiertos", McGraw Hill Interamericana, División Universidad, Columbia (ISBN: 958-410-256-7) (in Spanish).
CHANSON, H., and MONTES, J.S. (1995). "Characteristics of Undular Hydraulic Jumps. Experimental Apparatus and Flow Patterns." Jl of Hyd. Engrg., ASCE, Vol. 121, No. 2, pp. 129-144 (Download PDF file). Discussion : Vol. 123, No. 2, pp. 161-164 (ISSN 0733-9429). (Download PDF file)
MONTES, J.S., and CHANSON, H. (1998). "Characteristics of Undular Hydraulic Jumps. Results and Calculations." Jl of Hyd. Engrg., ASCE, Vol. 124, No. 2, pp. 192-205 (ISSN 0733-9429). (download PDF file)

Bibliography

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LENG, X., and CHANSON, H. (2016). "Coupling between Free-surface Fluctuations, Velocity Fluctuations and Turbulent Reynolds Stresses during the Upstream Propagation of Positive Surges, Bores and Compression Waves." Environmental Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 695-719 & digital appendix (DOI: 10.1007/s10652-015-9438-8) (ISSN 1567-7419 [Print] 1573-1510 [Online]). (PDF file) (Digital appendix) (Reprint at UQeSpace)
LENG, X., SIMON, B., KHEZRI, N., LUBIN, P., and CHANSON, H. (2018). "CFD Modelling of Tidal Bores: Development and Validation Challenges." Coastal Engineering Journal, Vol. 60, No. 4, pp. 423-436 (DOI: 10.1080/21664250.2018.1498211) (ISSN 0578-5634). (PDF file) (Deposit at UQeSpace)
LI, Y., and CHANSON, H. (2018). "Decelerating Bores in Channels and Estuaries." Coastal Engineering Journal, Vol. 60, No. 4, pp. 449-465 (DOI: 10.1080/21664250.2018.1529261) (ISSN 0578-5634). (PDF file) (Deposit at UQeSpace)
REUNGOAT, F., CAPLAIN, B., and CHANSON, H. (2013). "Field Measurements in the Tidal Bore of the Garonne River after a Recent Flood." Proc. Coastal Dynamics 2013, Arcachon, France, 24-28 June, pp. 1309-1318. (Record at UQeSpace) (PDF file)
REUNGOAT, D., CHANSON, H., and CAPLAIN, B. (2014). "Sediment Processes and Flow Reversal in the Undular Tidal Bore of the Garonne River (France)." Environmental Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 591–616 (DOI: 10.1007/s10652-013-9319-y) (ISSN 1567-7419 [Print] 1573-1510 [Online]). (Postprint at UQeSpace) (PDF file)
REUNGOAT, D., CHANSON, H., and KEEVIL, C.E, (2014). "Turbulence, Sedimentary Processes and Tidal Bore Collision in the Arcins Channel, Garonne River (October 2013)." Hydraulic Model Report No. CH94/14, School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 145 pages (ISBN 9781742721033). (PDF file at UQeSpace)
REUNGOAT, D., CHANSON, H., and KEEVIL, C.E. (2015). "Field Measurements of Unsteady Turbulence in a Tidal Bore: the Garonne River in October 2013." Journal of Hydraulic Research, IAHR, Vol. 53, No. 3, pp. 291-301 (DOI: 10.1080/00221686.2015.1021717) (ISSN 0022-1686). (Postprint at UQeSpace) (PDF file)
REUNGOAT, D., LENG, X., and CHANSON, H. (2016). "Hydrodynamic and Sedimentary Processes of Tidal Bores: Arcins Channel, Garonne River in August-September-October 2015." Hydraulic Model Report No. CH102/16, School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 270 pages (ISBN 978-1-74272-155-2). (PDF file at UQeSpace)
REUNGOAT, D., LUBIN, P., LENG, X., and CHANSON, H. (2018). "Tidal Bore Hydrodynamics and Sediment Processes: 2010-2016 Field Observations in France." Coastal Engineering Journal, Vol. 60, No. 4, pp. 484-498 (DOI: 10.1080/21664250.2018.1529265) (ISSN 0578-5634). (PDF file) (Deposit at UQeSpace)
REUNGOAT, D., LENG, X., and CHANSON, H. (2019). "Turbulence and Suspended Sediment Processes in the Garonne River Tidal Bore in November 2016." International Journal of Sediment Research, IRTCES-WASER, Vol. 34, No. 5, pp. 496-508 (DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsrc.2019.03.003) (ISSN 1001-6279). (PDF file) (Postprint at UQeSpace)
SHI, R. (2022). "Modelling Air-Water Turbulence and Properties in Unsteady Breaking Bore." Ph.D. Thesis, The University of Queensland, School of Civil Engineering, 286 pages (DOI: 10.14264/7f692da). (Deposit at UQeSpace)
SIMON, B., and CHANSON, H. (2013). "Turbulence Measurements in Tidal Bore-like Positive Surges over a Rough Bed." Hydraulic Model Report No. CH90/12, School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 176 pages (ISBN 9781742720685). (PDF file at UQeSpace)

Video movie on YouTube
Dam break wave, Tidal bore, In-river tsunami surge: what the hell? - {https://youtu.be/SQaPoSj2lP4} (Record at UQeSpace)
Such a bore - {https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7mO5-wxnqTA}
Tidal Bore Research at the University of Queensland - {https://youtu.be/q1ieo7fQ6X8}

Podcast
"Tidal bores: Myths, Fables and Reality" Faculti (6:51) {https://faculti.net/tidal-bores-myths-fables-and-reality/}

Acknowledgments

The writer acknowledges the help of numerous students in this research work, and the advice of Dr Sergio MONTES.

License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License.

Hubert CHANSON is a Professor in Civil Engineering, Hydraulic Engineering and Environmental Fluid Mechanics at the University of Queensland, Australia. His research interests include design of hydraulic structures, experimental investigations of two-phase flows, applied hydrodynamics, hydraulic engineering, water quality modelling, environmental fluid mechanics, estuarine processes and natural resources. He has been an active consultant for both governmental agencies and private organisations. His publication record includes over 850 international refereed papers and his work was cited over 5,500 times (WoS) to 18,500 times (Google Scholar) since 1990. His h-index is 39 (WoS), 43 (Scopus) and 67 (Google Scholar), and he is ranked among the 150 most cited researchers in civil engineering in Shanghai’s Global Ranking of Academics. Hubert Chanson is the author of twenty books, including "Hydraulic Design of Stepped Cascades, Channels, Weirs and Spillways" (Pergamon, 1995), "Air Bubble Entrainment in Free-Surface Turbulent Shear Flows" (Academic Press, 1997), "The Hydraulics of Open Channel Flow : An Introduction" (Butterworth-Heinemann, 1st edition 1999, 2nd editon 2004), "The Hydraulics of Stepped Chutes and Spillways" (Balkema, 2001), "Environmental Hydraulics of Open Channel Flows" (Butterworth-Heinemann, 2004), "Tidal Bores, Aegir, Eagre, Mascaret, Pororoca: Theory And Observations" (World Scientific, 2011) and "Applied Hydrodynamics: an Introduction" (CRC Press, 2014). He co-authored two further books "Fluid Mechanics for Ecologists" (IPC Press, 2002) and "Fluid Mechanics for Ecologists. Student Edition" (IPC, 2006). His textbook "The Hydraulics of Open Channel Flows : An Introduction" has already been translated into Spanish (McGraw-Hill Interamericana) and Chinese (Hydrology Bureau of Yellow River Conservancy Committee), and the second edition was published in 2004. In 2003, the IAHR presented him with the 13th Arthur Ippen Award for outstanding achievements in hydraulic engineering. The American Society of Civil Engineers, Environmental and Water Resources Institute (ASCE-EWRI) presented him with the 2004 award for the Best Practice paper in the Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering ("Energy Dissipation and Air Entrainment in Stepped Storm Waterway" by Chanson and Toombes 2002) and the 2018 Honorable Mention Paper Award for "Minimum Specific Energy and Transcritical Flow in Unsteady Open-Channel Flow" by Castro-Orgaz and Chanson (2016) in the ASCE Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering. The Institution of Civil Engineers (UK) presented him the 2017 Baker. Medal. Hubert Chanson edited further several books : "Fluvial, Environmental and Coastal Developments in Hydraulic Engineering" (Mossa, Yasuda & Chanson 2004, Balkema), "Hydraulics. The Next Wave" (Chanson & Macintosh 2004, Engineers Australia), "Hydraulic Structures: a Challenge to Engineers and Researchers" (Matos & Chanson 2006, The University of Queensland), "Experiences and Challenges in Sewers: Measurements and Hydrodynamics" (Larrate & Chanson 2008, The University of Queensland), "Hydraulic Structures: Useful Water Harvesting Systems or Relics?" (Janssen & Chanson 2010, The University of Queensland), "Balance and Uncertainty: Water in a Changing World" (Valentine et al. 2011, Engineers Australia), "Hydraulic Structures and Society – Engineering Challenges and Extremes" (Chanson and Toombes 2014, University of Queensland), "Energy Dissipation in Hydraulic Structures" (Chanson 2015, IAHR Monograph, CRC Press). He chaired the Organisation of the 34th IAHR World Congress held in Brisbane, Australia between 26 June and 1 July 2011. He chaired the Scientific Committee of the 5th IAHR International Symposium on Hydraulic Structures held in Brisbane in June 2014. He chairs the Organisation of the 22nd Australasian Fluid Mechanics Conference in Brisbane, Australia on 6-10 December 2020.
His Internet home page is http://www.uq.edu.au/~e2hchans. He also developed a gallery of photographs website {http://www.uq.edu.au/~e2hchans/photo.html} that received more than 2,000 hits per month since inception.