Hydraulic structures
    Historical/heritage structures 
    Roman waterworks
    Contemporary hydraulic structures     
    Culverts
    Stepped spillways and chutes    new material
    Check dams and debris dams
    Dam break wave and debris flows
    Canals / Navigation Canals 
    Pipes, conduits and pipelines  
Hydrology & Storms   new material
   Floods in Brisbane and South East Queensland (Australia) on 20-22 May 2009  
   Floods in Queensland (Australia) during the summer 2010-2011     new material
   Floods in Queensland (Australia) during Australia's Day in January 2013     new material
    Rainstorms
    Storms 
Rivers and streams of Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Japan, Taiwan, Korea     new material
    River processes 
    Sediment transport in streams    
    Waterfalls
    Flood plains and Lakes 
    Artifical river system, fishway and fish pass
Coastlines of Japan, Australia, France, China, Italy, Taiwan
    Tidal bores     
    Whirlpools   
Civil Engineering structures   
    Atlantic wall (Mur de l'Atlantique) 
    Great Wall of China
    Wind farms
Engineering failures and accidents of hydraulic and coastal structures   
    Dams, Extreme reservoir siltation, Bridges
Earthquake related disasters
    Earthquake engineering
    Tsunami   
        Boxing Day 26 December 2004 Tsunami disaster  / Photographs of 26 Dec. 2004 tsunami    
    Taiwan Chi-Chi earthquake (21 Sept. 1999)
Aircrafts and "Flying Machines" 
Cascades, water staircases and fountains (cascades, fontaines, bassin)   
Research experiments
Lectures

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Copyright and Use of Photographs

Hydraulic structures

Roman waterworks
    Read more about the Hydraulics of Roman aqueducts ...
R1- Pont du Gard, Nîmes aqueduct, France in June 1998 - View from the right bank
R2- Gier aqueduct (Lyon, France)
        Le Mornantay (Mornant) in June 1998
        Chaponost in June 1998 : looking at the arcades from the head tank of the Beaunant siphon (i.e. looking toward the upstream)
R3- Les Peirou dam (France 1891) in June 1998 - The present dam was built on the foundation of the Roman arch dam at Glanum [Ref.: CHANSON and JAMES 1998, Research Rep. CE157]. More about Arch dam history ...
R6 - Brévenne aqueduct (Lyon France)
        Biternay in Sept. 2000, inside view looking upstream
R7- Nîmes aqueduct, France. Pont de Bordnègre in Sept. 2000 : inlet view, showing the bridge pier shaped to cut the waters. Culvert beneath the aqueduct between Combe de Sartanette and Combe Saint Joseph, downstream of Pont du Gard. Main culvert cell (0.8-m wide).
    Read : "Hydraulics of a Large Culvert beneath the Roman Aqueduct of Nîmes." Jl of Irrigation and Drainage Engrg., ASCE, 2002, Vol. 128, No. 5, pp. 326-330 (Download PDF File).
R8- Fréjus aqueduct (France). Photo No. 1 : arches de Sainte Croix; Photo No. 2 : looking upstream; Photo No. 3 : looking dowsntream (14 Sept. 2000).
R9- Roman aqueduct at Pont-du-Gard, France in June 1998

Roman dropshaft ('puit de rupture')
rd1- Roman dropshaft in operation : Recret model (Aug. 1998) [Ref.:  CHANSON 2000, Am Jl Archaeology, CHANSON 2002, Jl of Hyd. Res.]
        Regime R1 : the usual operation mode in Roman aqueduct (photo d_c/h = 0.06)
        Regime R2 : high risks of erosion and damage at the intake of downstream conduit (photo d_c/h = 0.12)
        Regime R3 : at large flow rates, usual operation in modern sewer dropshaft (photo d_c/h = 0.22)
rd2- Roman dropshaft in operation : Valdepuentes model (90-degree angled outlet) (Aug. 1999) [Ref.:  CHANSON 2000, Am Jl Archaeology, CHANSON 2002, Jl of Hyd. Res.]
rd3- Full scale hydraulic model of Roman dropshaft. Drop in invert elevation: 1.7 m, pool depth: 1 m, shaft dimensions: 0.75 m by 0.76 m, flow rates: 5 to 70 L/s. (Ref.: CHANSON 2004, Jl Irrigation & Drainage Engrg.)
        Regime R1 : photograph for Q = 7.6 L/s (July 2002)
        Regime R3 : photograph for Q = 67 L/s (Aug. 2002)

Contemporary hydraulic structures
m1- Monteynard dam, (Drac river, France 1962) in June 1998 - Single-radius concrete arch (H = 155 m) built on the site of the fully-silted Avignonnet dam [Ref.: CHANSON and JAMES 1998, Research Rep. CE157]. More about Arch dams ..
m2- Split Rock dam spillway, (Tamworth NSW, Australia 1987) on 6 September 1998 - Flow from bottom to top (Courtesy of Mr. Noel BEDFORD)
m3- Benmore dam spillway (New Zealand). Photo No. 1 : view from dowsntream, "It's hard to believe from this photograph that the spillway was half a kilometer long." (Courtesy of Bill REA) - Photo No. 2 : flip bucket peration at 2,700 m3/s (Courtesy of Bill REA).
m4- Rubber dams
        Bedford weir (Qld, Australia) : 195-m long 1.45-m high rubber dam installed in 1997. Photo No. 1 : inspection of the inflated dam with deflector in 1997 (Courtesy of Queensland Rubber Company); Photo No. 2 : overflow of the inflated rubber dam in 1998(Courtesy of Queensland Rubber Company). Tucombil weir (Nsw, Australia) : 61-m long, 1.8-m high water filled rubber dam installed in the 1980s and dimantled in the early 2000s. The weir was built on the Tucombil canal to prevent tidal effects (i.e. salt intrusion) between the Richmond river and the Evans river systems. During large flood events, the weir was to be deflated to reduce flooding effects in the Rcihmond river catchment. First rubber dam built by Queensland Rubber Company; Photo No. 3 : fully-inflated weir on 2 Nov. 1997. More about Rubber dam hydraulics ...
m5- Chinchilla weir (Chinchilla QLD, Australia 1973). Photograph taken on 8 Nov. 1997 during low overflow. Minimum Energy Loss weir designed with the asistance of Professor Gordon McKAY. Weir height: 14 m, Crest length: 410m, Spillway capacity: 850 m3/s, Condamine river. More information : CHANSON, Butterworth-Heinemann, 1999, pp. 417-421 & 316. More about Minimum Energy Loss weirs ...
m6- Lemontree weir (Cecil Plains QLD, Australia 1979). Photograph taken on 8 Nov. 1997. Minimum Energy Loss weir design on the Condamine river. More information : CHANSON, Butterworth-Heinemann, 1999, pp. 417-421. More about Minimum Energy Loss weirs ...
m8- Dam spillways in Mexico : El Mahone or Miguel Hidalgo in Sinaloa state; Ticuitaco, Michoacán (From "Grandes Presas de México", C.N.A., courtesy of Mr V.H. Alcocer Yamanaka).
m9- Baffed chute dissipation structure immediatly off the beach, under bicycle path bridge on Irago Peninsula, Japan (27 Mar. 1999).
m10- Shasta dam (Redding, California, USA 1945). 183-m high curved gravity dam (more technical details). Photo No. 1 : General view of spillway with roll waves in Aug. 1999 (Courtesy of Daniel STEPHENS) - Photo No. 2 : Details of roll waves (Courtesy of Daniel STEPHENS) - Photo No. 3 : view from the crest looking at the plunge pool (Courtesy of Daniel STEPHENS).
m11- Surfing a hydraulic jump roller in the English Garden, Munich (Germany) - Photo No. 1 : a surfer departing from the left bank (Courtesy of Dale YOUNG). Photo No. 2 : looking downstream at a surfer (Courtesy of Dale YOUNG).
m12- Clyde dam spillway (NZ). Photo No. 1 : spillway during construction in March 1988. Note the scaffolding in the spillway aeration device. More about spillway aeration devices ...
m13- Foz Do Areia dam spillway (Brazil). H = 160 m, spillway slope: 14.5 deg. slope, design discharge: 11,000 m3/s, chute length: 400 m. Photo No. 1 : spillway in operation (flow from bottom to top), note the spillway aeration devices (Courtesy of Prof. N. PINTO). More about spillway aeration devices ...
m14- Itaipu dam spillway (Brazil/Paraguay). H = 196 m, Parana river, completed in 1982, Spillway slope: 10 deg., W=345 m, design discharge: 61,400 m3/s, equipped with 2 air slots. Photo No. 1 : spillway in operation (flow from bottom to top), note the air duct intakes on the left wall (Courtesy of Prof. N. PINTO). Photo No. 2 : Spillway in operation (Courtesy of Itaipu Binacional). Photo No. 3 : Flip bucket (Courtesy of Itaipu Binacional). More on Itaipu dam ...
        More about spillway aeration devices ...
m16- Drop structure (weir) operation in Japan. The small drop structure is located on the Futu-gawa river, Toyohashi, Japan about 500 m upstream of a major shopping center. Photo No. 1 : operation durng dry period on 23 Jan. 1999. Photo No. 2 : small overflow after 50-100 mm of rain during the past 24 hours, on 11 April 1999. Photo No. 3 : medium overflow in May 1999 after 150 mm of rainfall in the last 24 hours.
m16- Trigomil dam (Mexico). RCC dam: H = 61 m. Spillway: 51-degree slope, 75-m wide chute. Photo No. 1 : dam spillway in March 2002, note the spillway aeration device (Courtesy of Víctor Hugo Alcocer Yamanaka). Photo No. 2 : upstream face of the dam and spillway intake in March 2002 (Courtesy of Víctor Hugo Alcocer Yamanaka).
m17- Hinze dam (Gold Coast Qld, Australia). Photo No. 1 : spillway ogee crest during CIVL4120 student field trip on 4 Sept. 2002. Photo No. 2 : turning vanes at the downstream end of the steep chute, during CIVL4120 student field trip on 4 Sept. 2002. Hinze dam spillway (Stage 3) in operation on 29/1/2013 at 12:15, Q ~ 170 m3/s. Photo No. 1: View from downstream of the stepped spillway operation. Photo No. 2: View from upstream of the uncontrolled ogee and stepped chute operation.
m19- Swanbank Minimum Energy Loss spillway (Ipswich Qld, Australia 1965). Photo No. 1 : spillway inlet, view from the dam wall on 6 Sept. 2002. Photo No. 2 : spillway ogee, with the power station in background on 6 Sept. 2002. More about Minimum Energy Loss weirs ... More about Swanbank power plant.
m20- Sandy Creek at Clermont QLD (Australia 1963). Photo No. 1 : Early stages of construction in 1962 (Courtesy of Mr Keith JAMES). Photo No. 2 : Downstream face near completion in early 1963 (Courtesy of Mr Keith JAMES). Photo No. 3 : Workers on the downstream face near completion in 1963 (Courtesy of Mr Keith JAMES). Photo No. 4 : view from the right bank on 3 Sept. 2002 (Courtesy of Mr Keith JAMES). Photo No. 5 : detail of the crest intake on 3 Sept. 2002 (Courtesy of Mr Keith JAMES). Photo No. 6 : Flood overflow on 8 March 1993 (Courtesy of Mr A.J. HOLMES). Photo No. 7 : Flood overflow in Feb. 1999 (Courtesy of Mr A.J. HOLMES).   More information : CHANSON, Butterworth-Heinemann, 1999, pp. 417-421. More about Minimum Energy Loss weirs ...

Water treatment plants

wtt1- Molendinar Water Purification Plant (Gold Coast Qld, Australia). Photo No. 1 : plant operation during CIVL4120 student field trip on 4 Sept. 2002.
wtt2- Pertusillo drinking water treatment plant (Italy). Photo No. 1 :  Riser in operation on 17 Feb. 2004. Photo No. 2 : Dry riser on 17 Feb. 2004. Photo No. 3 : Ventury system at the outflow of the treatment plant on 17 Feb. 2004.

Culverts
cv1- Standard culverts
    Photo No. 1 : outlet of a circular pipe culvert along Gap Creek Rd, The Gap, Brisbane Australia. Photo No. 2 : culvert inlet operation in St Lucia next to the golf course (flow from right to left) on 31 Dec. 2001. Photo No. 3 : physical model of box culvert  in operation at design flow rate (flow from bottom to top). Photo No. 4 : box culvert at oxenford on 18-09-2003. Reference : CHANSON (1999), "The Hydraulics of Open Channel Flow: an Introduction", Butterworth-Heinemann; Subject CIVL3140 Catchment hydraulics.

Minimum energy loss (MEL) culverts and waterways
cv10- Structure No. 01 : MEL culvert No. MEL-C-2 (CHANSON 1999). Design discharge : 220 m3/s. Located along Norman Creek underneath SE Freeway parallel to Birdwood St, Brisbane (Australia). Inlet, looking from the left bank on 13 May 2002.
cv11- Structure No. 02 : MEL culvert No. MEL-C-3 (CHANSON 1999). Design discharge : 220 m3/s, 7 cells of 2-m width each. Located along Norman Creek underneath Ridge St, Brisbane (Australia). Inlet, looking from the right bank. Note the handrail alongthe bicycle/footpath passing in one cell. Field trip with students in Aug. 2000. Culvert outlet during field trip with students in Aug. 2001 (Courtesy of Mr A.K. ABDULLAH SANI). Outlet viewed from downstream on 13 May 2002 (Courtesy of C. HINTON). Inlet operation and Outlet operation on 31 Dec. 2001 after a rainstorm (Q ~ 60-70 m3/s). Approach flood plain during field work on 13 May 2002, note the outlet of the MEL-W-1 waterway in the background. Inlet during survey on 13 May 2002. Downstream flood plain on 13 May 2002. Outlet during CIVL3140 field trip on 18-09-2003: Photo No.1, Photo No. 2, Photo No. 3. Operation on 7 Nov. 2004: flood flow (80-100 m3/s) after 60-150 mm of rainfall in less than 3 hours: Photo No. A1: outlet of the Ridge St MEL culvert (MEL-C-3) on 7 Nov. 2004, looking upstream; Photo No. A2: inlet operation, looking downstream; Photo No. A3: inlet operation, looking upstream from the culvert embanment; note the MEL waterway No. MEL-W-1 in background. Outlet during CIVL3140 field trip on 5 Sept. 2007 : Photo 1 & Photo 2. Culvert operation during the floods on 20 May 2009: Photo No.1: inlet operation around 09:10. Photo No.2: inlet operation at 11:00; note the larger flow rate through the culvert and the hydraulic jump roller in the foreground.  CIVL3140 student field trip on 9 Sept. 2009: students walking in the outlet with the low-flow drain in the foreground.      More about Minimum Energy Loss (MEL) Culverts and bridge waterways ...
cv12- Structure No. 03 : MEL waterway No. MEL-W-1 (CHANSON 1999). Design discharge : 200 m3/s, barrel width : 10 m. Located on Norman Creek underneath the S-E freeway beneath Ridge St. Looking upstream at the outlet and barrel. Outlet operation (view from downstream) on 31 Dec. 2001 after a rainstorm (Q ~ 60-70 m3/s). Field trip by CIVL4510 students (where are they?) on 13 May 2002. Operation on 7 November 2004 : flood flow (80-100 m3/s) after 60-150 mm of rainfall in less than 3 hour: Photo No. a1: MEL water MEL-W-1 barrel in operation on 7 Nov. 2004, looking downstream; note the standing wave flow; Photo No. a2: inlet operation, view from right bank;  Photo No. a3: outlet operation, looking upstream. CIVL3140 student field trip on 9 Sept. 2009: student group in front of the inlet.       More about Minimum Energy Loss (MEL) Culverts and bridge waterways ...
cv13- Structure No. 04 : MEL culvert No. MEL-C-6 (CHANSON 1999). Design discharge : 36 m3/s, Barrel width : 5.5 m, Barrel length : 137 m, Invert drop : 1.2 m. MEL culvert at Redcliffe (Australia) between the shopping center and the sea. View of the outlet looking at the Moreton Bay.        More about Minimum Energy Loss (MEL) Culverts and bridge waterways ...
cv14- MEL culvert No. MEL-C-4 (CHANSON 1999). Design discharge : ~220 m3/s. MEL culvert beneath the Gateway motorway (Brisbane, Australia). Photo No. 1 : inlet on 11 Sept. 2002 during CIVL3140 student field trip. Photo No. 2 : inlet wingwall on 11 Sept. 2002 during CIVL3140 student field trip.     More about Minimum Energy Loss (MEL) Culverts and bridge waterways ...
cv15- MEL culvert No. MEL-C-5 (CHANSON 1999). Design discharge : ~100 m3/s. MEL culvert beneath the Gateway motorway (Brisbane, Australia). Photo No. 1 : inlet on 11 Sept. 2002 during CIVL3140 student field trip. Photo No. 2 : students in inlet channel on 11 Sept. 2002 during CIVL3140 student field trip. Photo No. 3 : students at the dowsntream end of the barrel on 11 Sept. 2002 during CIVL3140 student field trip.    More about Minimum Energy Loss (MEL) Culverts and bridge waterways ...

cv21 - Structure No. 05 : MEL culvert No. MEL-C-X2, Ekibin Park, on Norman Creek. Design discharge : 220 m3/s. Built in 1971. Located underneath South-East Freeway. Inlet survey during Field survey CIVL4510 on Mon 13 May 2002. Inlet during CIVL3140 field trip on 18-09-2003. CIVL3140 student field trip on 9 Sept. 2009: Inlet of the MEL culvert, looking upstream; Outlet of of the MEl culvert.
cv22 - Structure No. 06 : MEL culvert No. MEL-C-X1 (CHANSON 1999), Cornwall St, on Norman Creek. Upstream flood plain on 13 May 2002. Inlet survey during field survey CIVL4510 on Mon. 13 May 2002.

            More about Minimum Energy Loss (MEL) Culverts and bridge waterways ...    Bibliographic references : APELT (1983), CHANSON (1999), CHANSON (2000), CHANSON (2001)

Modern stepped chute designs
ss1- Joe Sippel weir (Murgon QLD, Australia) - Completed in 1984, the 6.5-m high stepped weir is used for irrigation and water regulation purposes. The structure was built of steel sheet piles and concrete slabs. It is located upstream of the Silverleaf weir. Photo No. 1: in November 1997. Photo No. 2:  on 5 March 2013. Photo No. 3: details of the plung point on 5 March 2013.
ss2- La Grande 2 spillway (Québec,Canada) - Unlined rock stepped cascade in operation in 1983: Photo No. 1, view from downstream (Courtesy of Michel Lefebvre) - Photo No. 2 : view of the upstream steps (Courtesy of Michel Lefebvre).
ss3 Melton dam overflow stepped spillway (Melton VIC, Australia 1916). The Melton dam is an earthfill structure. Completed in 1916, the dam was heightened twice because of the rapid reservoir siltation. During the last refurbishment in 1994, an overflow stepped spillway was added. Photo No. 1 : general view (30 Jan. 2000). Photo No. 2 : details of the dam overflow spillway (30 Jan. 2000). More about Extreme reservoir siltation ...
ss4- Riou dam (France 1990). RCC stepped spillway : h = 0.43 m. Photo No. 1 : view from downstream at sunset (photograph taken in Nov. 1994). Photo No. 2 : view from right bank (photograph taken in Nov. 1994). Photo No. 3 : view from the right bank of the crest, chute and stillign basin in June 1998. Photo No. 4 : view from downstream in June 1998. More information ...
ss5- Santa Cruz arch dam stepped spillway (New Mexico, USA). Completed in 1929, the Santa Cruz dam was a masonry arch dam. In 1987, the dam was reinforced by concrete buttresses and roller compacted concrete. A new overfflow stepped spillway was built between two buttresses (Design: 56 m3/s) (Courtesy of US Bureau of Reclamation and John LABOON). More information ...
ss6- Jordan II weir (Gatton QL, Australia 1992). Reinforced-earth stepped overflow weir (H = 5.3 m). Photograph in Feb. 1998.
ss11- Brushes Clough dam spillway (1859-1991). Overflow embankment spillway system with precast concrete blocks. Photo No. 1 : General view in 1993 (Courtesy of Mr GARDINER, NWW). Photo No. 2 : details of the concrete blcoks, showing the drainage holes (Courtesy of Mr GARDINER). More about Embankment overflow stepped spillways: earth dam spillways with precast concrete blocks...
ss12- Zaraysk dam (also called Laraisky), Russia (Courtesy of Prof. Y. PRAVDIVETS). Overflow embankment spillway made of precast concrete blocks. More about Embankment overflow stepped spillways: earth dam spillways with precast concrete blocks...
ss13- Loyalty Road Flood Retarding dam spillway (Sydney NSW, Australia, 1996) - Photo No. 1 : view from the right bank (Courtesy of D.Patrick JAMES). Photo No. 2 : view from downstream (Courtesy of D.Patrick JAMES). Dam height : 30 m. RCC construction. Spillway capacity : 1,040 m3/s. Chute width : 30 m.
ss14- Chechen weir, Pingtung county, Taiwan. Built on the Chechen river about 5 km upstream of the river mouth, the diversion weir was built for irrigation purposes with diversion canals on both left and right banks. Also called Chechung weir. Photo No. 1 : view from the left bank in Dec. 1998. Photo No. 2 : view from the left bank on 21 Nov. 2006. Photo No. 3 : view from left bank on 21 Nov. 2006; compare this view with the Photo No. 1.
ss18- Bucca weir(Bucca QLD, Australia 1987) (H. CHANSON, 23 Dec. 2001). RCC irrigation weir on the Kolan river.
ss19- Neil Turner weir (Mitchell QLD, Australia 1984). 5.9 m high stepped weir on the Maranoa river. Photo No. 1 : general view in July 2001 (Courtesy of Chris PROCTOR). Photo No. 2 : detail of steps in July 2001 (Courtesy of Chris PROCTOR).
ss20- Salado 10 embankment dam and secondary stepped spillway (Courtesy of Craig SAVELA and USDA, Natural Resources Conservation Service; National Design, Construction and Soil Mechanics Center, Fort Worth, Texas).
ss21- Choctaw 8A embankment dam and secondary stepped spillway (Courtesy of Craig SAVELA and USDA, Natural Resources Conservation Service; National Design, Construction and Soil Mechanics Center, Fort Worth, Texas).
ss22- Robina, Gold Coast (Australia 1996) - Stepped weirs built along an artifical storm watercourse around the Robina shopping twon QLD. Photo No. 1 :  Construction of the first weir (weir No. 5) in April 1996.  Note the installation of aprecast step over a coarse-aggregate concrete serving as a drainage layer over the embankment and the crane is at about the elevation of the weir crest. Photo No. 2 :  Small overflow above the same weir No. 5 on 3 Feb. 2003.
ss23- Les Olivettes dam, Vailhan (France 1987) - RCC dam (36 m high, 254 m long) for flood mitigation (catchment area: 29.5 km2) - Stepped spillway: h = 0.6 m, ogee crest, W = 40 m, Qmax = 290 m3/s, energy dissipation: steps + dowsntream plunge pool. Photo No. 1 : view from left bank in March 2003 (Courtesy of Mr and Mrs CHANSON). Photo No. 2 : view from downstream, with the counterweir and plunge pool in foreground in March 2003 (Courtesy of Mr and Mrs CHANSON). Photo No. 3 : view from the left bank in March 2003 (Courtesy of Mr and Mrs CHANSON).
ss24- Pedrogao dam, Moura (Portugal, 2006). Completed in March 2006, the Pedrogao dam is a RCC gravity dam (H = 43 m, L = 473 m) with an uncontrolled overflow stepped spillway (h = 0.6 m, 1V:0.75H). The dam is equipped also witha  fish lock/lift. The reservoir is located immediately downstream of the Alqueva dam which is multipurpose reservoir for irrigation (326 km of open channels, 9 main pump stations) and hydropower (2 * 130 MW pump-turbines). Photo No. 1 : view from right bank on 4 Seopt. 2006. Photo No. 2 : view from left bank on 4 Sept. 2006.
ss25- Hinze dam spillway (Stage 3) in operation on 29/1/2013 at 12:15, Q ~ 170 m3/s. Photo No. 1: View from downstream of the stepped spillway operation. Photo No. 2: View from upstream of the uncontrolled ogee and stepped chute operation.
ss26- Paradise dam, Biggeden QLD (Australia) - RCC gravity dam equipped with  an uncontrolled stepped spillway. Photo No. 1: General view of the spillway on 5 March 2013. Photo No. 2: View of the spillway and stilling basin operation on 5 March 2013. Photo No. 3: Details of the free-surface next to the inception of free-surface aeration on the stepped spillway on 5 March 2013. Photo No. 4: turbulence and air-water flow in the stilling basin on 5 March 2013.

ss30- Stepped road gutter systems : another application of the stepped chute design. Photo No. 1 : steep gutter along the Western freeway, Brisbane (Photograph taken in Dec. 1999). Photo No. 2 : double road gutter looking downstream, next to Sumner Rd freeway entrance, between Darra and Mt Ommaney, Brisbane (Photogaph taken in Nov. 1996).
    Read "Energy Dissipation and Air Entrainment in a Stepped Storm Waterway: an Experimental Study." Jl of Irrigation and Drainage Engrg., ASCE, 2002, Vol. 128, No. 5, pp. 305-315 (Download PDF File).

ss40- Artifical stepped cascade at Biloela (QLD, Australia). Design flow: 390 m3/s, step height: 2 m, width: 100 m. Photo No. 1 : General view shortly after construction in 2002 (Courtesy of Dr John MACINTOSH). Photo No. 2 : View of a step arrangement, from the right bank (Courtesy of Dr John MACINTOSH). Photo No. 3 :  1:16 scale model, based upon a Froude similitude (Courtesy of Dr John MACINTOSH). Photo No. 4 : physical model in operation for Q = 10 L/s (20 m3/s prototype); all the water flows as seepage; the colours are paint sprayed on the rockfill to visualise erosion and scour. Photo No. 5 : physical model in operation for Q = 103 L/s (210 m3/s prototype); note overflows and seepage, and the hydraulic jump downstream of the plunge point.

ss50- Research on stepped spillways at the University of Queensland : 22º slope, h = 0.10 m, l = 0.25 m, W = 1 m, q = 0.103 m2/s, dc/h = 1.0. Photo No. 1 : View from upstream looking towards the inception point of air entrainment. Photo No. 2: Side view (Y90 = 0.078 m, Cmean = 0.48, Fmax = 149 Hz at the probe location) (Photographs taken on 7 July 2000). Photo No. 3 : d_c/h = 1.5 (flow from left to right, run Q23). Photo No. 4 : d_c/h = 1.1 (run Q21). Photo No. 5 : d_c/h = 0.7 (run Q22). (Download the full results as PDF files : Part 1 and Part 2)
ss51- Research on stepped spillways at the University of Queensland : 16º slope, h = 0.10 m, l = 0.35 m, W = 1 m. Photo No. 1 : Nappe flow (without hydraulic jump NA3) for dc/h = 0.64.

Timber crib weirs
ss7- Whetstone weir (Inglewood QLD, Australia 1951) at low flow (H. CHANSON, Feb. 1998) - Timber crib stepped weir (H = 5 m) on the Macintyre Brook, completed in 1951. A major flood occurred in 1956, the maximum recorded stream height being 11.8 m at Inglewood. More about Timber crib weirs ...
ss17- Silverleaf weir (Murgon QLD, Australia 1953) (H. CHANSON, Nov. 1997) - Timber crib stepped weir (H = 5.1 m) on the Barambah Creek.
ss8- Cunningham weir (Texas QLD, Australia 1953) in operation (H. CHANSON, Feb. 1998) - Timber-crib stepped weir (H = 4 m) on the Dumaresq river, completed in 1954. During a major flood in 1956, the maximum recorded head-above-crest reached 7.3 m. The weir was little damaged and it is still in use. See listing in Structurae.
ss9- Greenup weir (Inglewood QLD, Australia 1958) at low flow (H. CHANSON, Feb. 1998) - Timber crib stepped weir (H = 5 m) on the Macintyre Brook, completed in 1958, upstream of Whetstone weir. More about Timber crib weirs ...

Check dams and debris dams
cd1- Mount Fuji Sabo works. (1) Osawa-gawa. The Osawa creek is located beneath the main fault on the western side of Mount Fuji. (Mount Fuji. last erupted in 1707.) Major debris flows took place in summer 2000. Photo No. 1 : debris material region on Osawa-gawa on 1 Nov. 2001. Photo No. 2 : debris material on 1 Nov. 2001, note the concrete blocks and excavators working behind to remove debris. Photo No. 3 : exploded concrete "tetrapod" block (1 Nov. 2001). Photo No. 4 : concrete river training downstream of the debris flow region.
    Read more about Sabo check dams ...
cd2- Mount Fuji Sabo works. (2) Inokubo-kawa Kikan Sabo system. The Inokubo stream is located on the Western slope of Mt Fuji, close to Osawa-gawa and Urui river. A major debris retention system, called Inokubo-kawa Kikan, was in construction in Nov. 2001. The system includes a flat, wide flood plain area to store large material and a slit check dam downstream. The slit check dam is 104 m wide and 7 m high. Photo No. 1 : slit check dam on 1 Nov. 2001. Photo No. 2 : slit check dam, view from the right bank on 1 Nov. 2001. Note the 6 openings (flow from left to right). Photo No. 3 : river training on Inokubo stream upstream of  Inokubo-kawa Kikan.
    Read more about Sabo check dams ...
cd3- Rhyd-y-Car Land Reclamation cascade. Design flow : 10 m3/s. Located at Merthyr Tydfil town centre (approx. 50 km North of Cardiff, UK) (Courtesy of Steve BRIGHT).
cd4- Stepped diversion weir on Chechen river, Taiwan in December 1998
cd5- Stepped channel below a Sabo dam (Toyohashi, Japan) built to protect a temple and a kindergarden. The footpaths on each side were designed to act as flood plains during extreme events.
cd8- Stepped storm water way (Hong Kong). Stepped water waterway under Hatton road, below Hong Kong University (photograph in Sept. 1994).
cd9- Debris dams and mountain protection systems (Sabo)
        Sabo works, in the Hayagawa catchment (Japan) in November 1998
        Permeable Sabo work off Takatoyo beach, Enshu coast on 30 January 1999
cd10- Stepped weir on Fuji-gawa river. Photo No. 1 : general view from downstream, with the hydropower intake on the left bank on 2 Nov. 2001. Photo No. 2 : close up view on 2 Nov. 2001.
cd11- La Motte-du-Caire, Durance catchment (France). Photographs taken in June 1998.  Debris dams on the road to La Motte-du-Caire. Concrete check dam upstream of the fully-silted Saignon dam, La Motte-du-Caire (CHANSON 1999, Butterworth-Heinemann). The Saignon dam reservoir (1961, H=17 m, volum:1.8E+5 m3) became fully-silted in less than 2 years despite upstream check dams. View from the right bank of the dam, looking upstream. The reservoir is located in a black marl catchment (3.5 km2 area).
cd12- Sabo check dams above Matsumoto township, Nagano Prefecture. Photographs taken in Nov. 1998. Modern concrete (timber facing) structure above the town. Older steel permeable sabo check dam located upstream of the first structure.
cd13- Sabo works near Mitomi town, Yamanashi prefecture. Photographs taken in Nov. 1998. Stepped river training. Medium-size sabo check dam on the left slope of Nishizawa-keikoku river.
cd14- Sabo works downstream of a road bridge on Kagokawa river, Japan (Nov. 1998).
cd15- Sabo works in the Hiakari-gawa catchment, Toyota, Aichi prefecture  Combination of an upstream tubular grid check dam (H = 9 m, L = 55 m, 2 elements) with a downstream concrete check dam (H = 7 m, L = 52 m) in the . Details of the tubular structure. Photographs taken on 10 Nov. 2001.
cd 16- Tubular grid check dam in the Hiakari-gawa catchment, Toyota, Aichi prefecture. Tubular grid check dam (H = 9 m, L = 60 m, 5 elements) located upstream of concrete check dam (H = 6 m, L = 53 m)e. View from the left abutment. The concrete check dam is followed by a stepped waterway in the middle of camping gorunds (Photo No. 3). Photographs taken on 10 Nov. 2001. Photo No. 4 : series of an upstream tubular grid check dam (H = 7 m, L = 52 m) and a downstream concrete check dam (H = 9 m, L  60 m) on 10 Nov. 2001. H. CHANSON stands on the downstream concrete check dam.
cd17- Sabo works East of Okazaki city, Aichi prefecture. Empty check dam . Downstream, the stream is channelised in a stepped waterway in the middle of a residential area. Photographs taken on 10 Nov. 2001.
cd18- Sabo works near Tahara, Irago peninsula, Aichi. Old check dam that has fullfilled its role near Tahara, Irago peninsula, Aichi prefecture. Downstream stepped waterway in the middle of sporting grounds. Photographs taken on 11 Nov. 2001.
cd19- River training at Ruisseau de la Ravoire, Pontamafrey-Notre-Dame du Châtel (France). Photo No. 1 : river training immediately upstream of the tilting bridge on 11/2/04.
cd20- Check dams and river training, Ruisseau Ravin de St Julien, St-Julien-Mont-Denis (France). Photo No. 1 : river training in St-Julien-Mont-Denis on 11/2/2004; note the slit check dam in background. Photo No. 2 : slit check dam looking downstream.
cd21- Check dam and sediment retention basin, Ruisseau St Bernard, Saint-Martin-de-la-Porte (France). Photo No 1:  looking upstream on 11/2/04.
cd22- Sediment load in an artificial channel beneath the Autoroute de Maurienne, France on 11/2/2004.
cd23- Sabo works and check dams in Jogangi River catchment, Japan. Located South of Toyama City, the river catchment is very steep and affected by massive sediment motion processes. Photo No. 1 : Sabo works on the Jogangi River immediately downstream of a series of train and road bridges on 12 Nov. 2008; note the train passing the bridge. Photo No. 2 : Sabo works on a tributary of Jogangi River on 12 Nov. 2008; the photograph was taken upstream of Photo No. 1.

    See also Sabo check dams in Japan ...    &   Extreme reservoir siltation ...
Read "The Hydraulics of Stepped Chutes and Spillways" (Balkema 2001)

Canals
can1- Canal du Midi (France). Completed in 1680 by Pierre-Paul RIQUET (1604-1680), the Canal du Midi links the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. The Canal du Midi starts near Béziers and ends at Toulouse, where it si contimnued by the Canal Latéral de la Garonne. The latter flows parallel to the Garonne river between Toulouse and Langon. Photo No. 1 : Les 9 Ecluses (locks) de Fonserannes, Béziers (H = 21.18 m, L = 298.1 m) on 20 Feb. 2004 looking upstream. Photo No. 2 : dry section of the canal downstream of the Fonserannes locks on 20 Feb. 2004. This section is disused since 1857. Photo No. 3 : Pente d'eau (water lift) at Fonserannes, Bézier on 20 Feb. 2004. Photo No. 4 : Bief de Partage des Eaux (Dividing catchment section) at Port-Lauragais on 20 Feb. 2004, looking West.
can2- Canal de Lachine / Lachine Canal, Montréal (Canada). Built in 1821, the canal is 13 km long, 5.5 m deep and the total head difference is 15.9 m. It was designed for shipping navigation on the Saint Laurent river around the Lachine Rapids (see Photographs). It was disused since the completion of the Saint Laurent Seaway. Photo No. 1 : Lock No. 2 at the downstream end of the canal on 8 May 2004, looking at the City of Montréal in bckground. Photo No. 2 : Looking upstream of lock No. 2 on 8 May 2004. Photo No. 3 : looking downstream of Saint Gabriel lock on 8 May 2004. Photo No. 4 : Daniel McAllister tug on 8 May 2004; the tug used to pull/push barges along the canal. Photo No. 5 : Pont C.N. du Port, pivoting steel structure, downstream of Ecluse de Saint-Gabriel, Lachine canal on 8 May 2004.

Pipes, Conduits and Pipelines
pp1- Trans-Alaska pipeline
Completed in 1978, the pipeline (1.2 m diameter) is about 1,300 km and carries about 320,00 m3 of crude oil per day Elevated sections have a zig zag configuration to allow for expansion or contraction of the pipe because of temperature changes. The design also allows for pipeline movement caused by an earthquake. Drag Reduction Agents (DRA) are injected into the oil to reduce the energy loss (more info : (1) ).
Photo No. 1 : along the Richardson Highway just north of Paxson, AK, in Sept. 2000 (Courtesy of Steve STAPP). Photo No. 2 : near Fairbanks, AK, in Sept. 2000 (Courtesy of Steve STAPP). Photo No. 3 : along the Richardson Highway just north of Paxson, AK, in Sept. 2000 (Courtesy of Steve STAPP). Note the heat exchangers to prevent thawing of the permafrost and the zig zag configuration to allow for expansion or contraction of the pipe because of temperature changes

pp2- Tarraleah power plant (Tasmania, Australia)
The power plant is equipped with 6 Pelton turbines and the installed power is 90 MW. Photo No. 1 : conduits and surge tanks in background in Jan. 2002 (Courtesy of Dr P. NIELSEN). Photo No. 2 : details of the surge tanks which are at least 20 m high (Courtesy of Dr Peter NIELSEN).

Hydrology & Storms

Sediment processes in catchments

sp1- Massive soil erosion pattern : the "Moon walk", Kaohsiung county (Taiwan). Photo No. 1 :  general view in Sept. 1995. Photo No. 2 : detail of a rile in Sept. 1995.

Floods in Brisbane and South East Queensland (Australia) on 20-22 May 2009

fb01 - Norman Creek, Brisbane on 20 May 2009.  Photo No.1: Ridge Street MEL culvert inlet operation around 09:10. Photo No.2: Ridge Street MEL culvert inlet operation at 11:00; note the larger flow rate through the culvert and the hydraulic jump roller in the foreground.
fb02 -  Logan River (between Brisbane and Beaudesert) on 21 May 2009. Photo No.1: Logan River downstream of Maclean bridge, view from the left bank at 08:20. Photo No. 2: Sign of the 1887 and 1947 flood levels with the Maclean bridge in the background. Photo No. 3: Logan River downstream of Larry Storey Bridge, Waterford West at 09:50.
fb03 - Oxley Creek, Brisbane on 21 May 2009: Photo No. 1: downstream part of the culvert beneath Sherwood Road, Rocklea at 07:20. Photo No. 2: looking downstream of the Sherwood Road culvert at 07:20; Photo No. 3: Oxley Creek at Archerfield, Beaty Road on at 07:40, looking downstream.
fb04 - Kedron Brook, Brisbane on 22 May 2009. Photo No. 1: Kedron Brook at Osborne Road, Mitchelton at 09:15; looking downstream at the creek and debris left in Teralba Park. Photo No. 2 : wooden debris jammed in a tree.
fb05 - Enoggera Creek, Brisbane on 22 May 2009 morning. Photo No. 1: debris trapped by Greesham Street bridge, St Johns Wood, Ashgrove; the street was under water on the 20 May 2009, and the bridge was re-opened on the 21 May. Photo No. 2: details of debris left in the bridge footpath after the road cleanup; note the flattened handrails; the creek flows from right to left. Photo No. 3 : looking upstream at tge Greesham Street bridge.
fb06 - Ithaca Creek, Brisbane on 22 May 2009. Photo No. 1: creek downstream of Fulcher Radd bridge; note the damaged bicycle path on the right bank. Photo No. 2 : debris trapped around a house in Mossvale Street, Ithaca on the left bank. Photo No. 3: uprooted post and concrete footing in Howthorn Terrace, Ithaca. Photo No. 4 : debris trapped in Woolcock Park, downstream of Mossvale Street culvert.
fb11 - North Pine dam spillway in operation on 22 May 2009 morning. North Pine dam is a 40 m high concrete gravity dam; it is the main water suppy for the North of Brisbane. Photo No. 1: spillway overflow at 07:35. Photo No.2: details of the free-surface aeration on the chute.
fb12 - Lake Kurwongbah dam spillway (also called Sideling Creek dam) on 22 May 2009 morning. The dam is equipped with a Minimum Energy Loss spillway intake. Photo No.1: spillway intake with a very small overflow at 08:20. Photo No. 2: flip buicket operation; note the discharge confined to the low flow section.

Floods in Queensland (Australia) during the summer 2010-2011

Floods in Queensland (Australia) during Australia's Day in January 2013

Rainstorms
rr1 - Thunderstorm on 1 May 1999 looking west, producing a  heavy rain shaft with probable hail included.  Very cold layer of air  moved into the upper atmosphere triggering storms (Courtesy of Anthony CORNELIUS, http://www.downunderchase.com/photogallery/).
rr2 - Squall line on the Darling Downs near Pittsworth (QLD) looking West on 12 March 2001.  No damage from this storm, but it occurred in a moist environment (hence the very low shelf cloud) (Courtesy of Anthony CORNELIUS, http://www.downunderchase.com/photogallery/).
 
Storms
ss1 -Dust storm over Brisbane on 23 September 2009. This event was the worst dust storm in 70 years. The air dust was some red soil from South Australia and the dust storm affected all NSW and SE-QLD. Some dust concentrations of 15 mg/m3 were measured. The following photographs were taken from the St Lucia campus (building 50, level 4) looking towards the city on 23/9/09 at 11:345 and the next day at 11:15: during and after. The pylons of the Eleanor Schonell bridge are visible in the background as well as well the construction cranes in the City (only visible after the dust storm). (PDF file at UQeSpace)
 

Rivers and streams

Field study at Eprapah Creek on 4 April 2003

READ  Hydraulic, Environmental and Ecological Assessment of a Sub-tropical Estuary in Eastern Australia.

Site No. 1 : Photo No. 1 : Group 1 on Fri 4 Apr 2003 around 7:30am. Photo No. 2 : Group 1 on Fri 4 Apr 2003 around 12:00noon.
Site No. 2 : Photo No. 1 : Group 2 on Fri 4 Apr 2003 around 8:30am. Photo No. 2 : Group 2 on Fri 4 Apr 2003 around 2:30pm. Photo No. 50 : Students and EPA boat at Site 2 around the middle of the day (Courtesy of CIVL4140 Student Group 2). Photo No. 51 : water quality observations at Site 2 (Courtesy of CIVL4140 Student Group 2). Photo No. 52 : bird watching at Site 2 (Courtesy of CIVL4140 Student Group 2). Photo No. 53 : fish dip netting at Site 2 (Courtesy of CIVL4140 Student Group 2). Photo No. 54 : dissolved oxygen testing at Site 2 (Courtesy of CIVL4140 Student Group 2). Photo No. 55 : measurement preparation on the bank (Courtesy of CIVL4140 Student Group 2).
Site No. 2B : Photo No. 1 : ADV and YSI probe mounted 50cm beneath the free-surface on Fri 4 Apr 2003 around 10:00am.
Site No. 3 : Photo No. 1 : Group 3 on Fri 4 April 2003 around 11:00am. Photo No. 2 : Group 3 on Fri 4 Apr 2003. Photo No. 60 : Students at Site 1 discussing with Waterwatch people (Courtesy of CIVL4140 Student Group 3). Photo No. 61 : surface slick at Site 3 during the flood flow (Courtesy of CIVL4140 Student Group 3). Photo No. 62 : Low tide at Site 3, note bank erosion (right bank) (Courtesy of CIVL4140 Student Group 3). Photo No. 63 : Site 3 students during the afternoon (Courtesy of CIVL4140 Student Group 3).
Site No. 4 : Photo No. 1 : Group 4 on Fri 4 April 2003 at 7:02am. Photo No. 2 : Group 4 on Fri 4 Apr 2003 around 10:30am. Photo No. 70 : Upstream snag at Site 4 (Platypus pool) (Courtesy of CIVL4140 Student Group 4). Photo No. 71 : Group work at Site 4 (Courtesy of CIVL4140 Student Group 4). Photo No. 72 : student fishing at Site 4 (Courtesy of CIVL4140 Student Group 4). Photo No. 73 : fishing at Site 4 in front of ECCLA people (Courtesy of CIVL4140 Student Group 4). Photo No. 74 : students at Site 4 (Courtesy of CIVL4140 Student Group 4).
EPA boat : Photo No. 1 : Qld EPA boat conducting a vertical profile at Site 3 on Fri 4 Apr 2003 around 11:00am.
Wildflife : Photo No. 1 : Koala next to Site 1 on Fri 4 Apr 2003 around 5:00pm.

Field trip at Eprapah Creek estuarine zone on 2 September 2004
Site 1 : Photo No. 1.1 :Site 1 students around 7:15 am. Photo No. 1.2 : Site 1 around 12:00 noon at high tide. Photo No. 1.3 : Site 1 activity around 6:30am.
Site 2 : Photo No. 2.1 : Site 2 students around 7:15 am. Photo No. 2.2 : Site 2 activties around 11:00 am.
Site 3 : Photo No. 3.1 : Site 3 student activity around 6:45 am. Photo No. 3.2 : Site around 16:30, with the EPA taking physico-chemical readings mid-stream. Photo No. 3.3 : students around 13:00.
Wildlife : Photo No. 1 : Female koala next to Site 1 on 2 September 2004 around 8:40am.

Field study in Eprapah Creek estuarine zone on Monday 28 August 2006
Site 1 : Photo No. 1.1 : Group 1 at work around 8:30am. Photo No. 1.2 : Discussion with EPA officer around 11:45am. Photo No. 1.3 : Large boat passing upstream in front of Site 1 around 11:50am.
Site 2B : Photo No. 2.1 : Group2 at work around 7:00am. Photo No. 2.2 : looking upstream at Group 2 and river bank around 2:00pm. Photo No. 2.3 : looking from left bank at Group 2 students at low tide (7:00am).
Site 3 : Photo No. 3.1 : Site 3 looking downstream with Group 3 at work around 7:40am; note rainstorm runoff waterfall in background. Photo No. 3.2 : Looking downstream at the EPA boat arriving at Site 3 at 11:00am. Photo No. 3.3 : Group 3 students working on right bank around 8:00am.
Wildlife : Photo No. 1 : Female koala and her baby feeding on an eucalyptus tree at Point Halloran Conservation area around 12:50pm. Photo No. 2 : Koala sleeping at Point Halloran Conservation area around 12:55pm.

Field study in Eprapah Creek estuarine zone on Friday 13 August 2010
Site 1 (Group 1): Photo 1.1: Group 1 at low tide at 06:10; Photo 1.2: Water sampling at end of flood tide at 10:30; Photo 1.3: swamp wallaby next to Site 1 at 15:45;
Site 2B (Group 2):  Photo 2.1: Group 2 at low tide at 07:00; Photo 2.2: Group 2 at 13:40 (early ebb tide); Photo 2.3: Brahminy kite at Site 2 at 14:10;
Site 3 (Group 3): Photo 3.1: Group 3 at 12:00 (high tide); Photo 3.2: Group 3 at 14:00 (early ebb tide).

Field study in Eprapah Creek estuarine zone on Monday 3 September 2012
Site 1 (Group 1): Photo 1.1: Group 1 at 06:10; Photo 1.2: Water sampling at end of flood tide; Photo 1.3: NRM staff monitoring the water quality; Photo 1.4: Group 3 at work during ebb tide;
Site 2B (Group 2):  Photo 2.1: Group 2 at work; Photo 2.2: Group 2 taking water sample;
Site 3 (Group 3): Photo 3.1: Group 3 work; Photo 3.2: Group 3 taking some water samples at end of flood tide.

Waterfalls
w1- Hopetown Falls, Otway Range VIC, Australia. Oct. 1998 (Courtesy of Dr R. MANASSEH).
w2- Shiraito-no-taki, Urui river, Japan (5 June 1998) : upstream stream, large fall, waterfalls.
w3- Craddle Mountain, Tasmania (Australia) - Cascasding waters in July 2002 (Courtesy of Jerry LIM and York-wee TAN).
w4- Les Chutes de Plaisances Outaouais (Ottawa), Québec (Canada). On the left slopes of the Ottawa river (ie Outaouais river), the chutes are located on the Petite-Nation river whcih is fed by large groundwater reserves. The Chutes have a total drop of 23 m. Photo No. 1 : upper section on 14 July 2002. Photo No. 2 : view from downstream on 14 July 2002.
    More about Cascades, water staircases and fountains ...

Flood plains and lakes
Australia
f11- Lake George (Australia) on 26 Nov. 1999 - Shallow freshwater lake near Canberra. Although the catchment area is 984 km2, the lake has no external drainage. It maintains a delicate balance between rainfall, evaporation and streamflow, displaying wide fluctuations from completly dry (empty) to surface area up to 250 km2.
Cambodia
f12- Lake of Tônlé-Sab, Cambodia in Dec. 2001 (Courtesy of Mr and Mrs CHANSON). The lake is a natural floodplain  reservoir on the Sab rive, a tributary of the Mekong. During the June-to-November monsoonal regime, the swollen Mekong creates a backwater effect which reverses the flow direction in the lake.
f13- Western Barai, Angkor, Cambodia in Dec. 2001 (Courtesy of Mr and Mrs CHANSON). It is a 8km long, 2.1 km wide rectangular artifical lake West of Angkor buitl for  irrigation and flood control. The embankment dam  overflow leads to irrigation channels.
Canada
f21- Lake Jacques, in Jasper National Park, Alberta, Canada (Rocky Mountain) in July 2002 (Courtesy of John REMI).
f22- Lac des Ours, Parc de Frontenac, Québec, Canada. Photo No. 1 : Lac des Ours on 12 June 2004 around sunrise. Photo No. 2 : Lac des Ours on 12 June 2004 around sunset.

Aral Sea
f31- The Aral Sea (Central Asia). The Aral Sea is located between Uzbekistand and Kazakhstan, Central Asia. This inland sea suffered a major shrinkage caused by artificial diversion of  riverine waters during the 2nd half of 20th century and it is regarded as a world environmental disaster. Since 1987 there are two Aral Seas ; the small Aral Sea in the North and the large Aral Sea in the South. References : (1), (2), (3), (4).
Photo No. 1 : Muynak (Uzbekistan), the old Aral Sea port on the Southern shore in Sept 1998  where the shoreline has receded about 50 km North (Courtesy of Errol CRAIG). Photo No. 2 : Muynak (Uzbekistan) in Sept 1998 (Courtesy of Errol CRAIG) (4).

Artifical river system, fishway and fish pass
a1- Research Habitat Restoration Center ARRC, Gifu, Japan (Photograph on the 30 March 1999) - The ARRC laboratory includes 3 parallel 800-m long channels (slope from upstream to downstream : 1/300, 1/800, 1/300). Artifical flooding (i.e. discharge) is controlled by a series of flap gates at the upstream end. Real fishs swim up and down the river systems. Two examples of river restoration test sections are shown (type 1), (type 2). An example of bank erosion test section.
a2- Fishways in Japan : Photo No. 1 : "Ice Harbour" type fishway at headworks (Baffle-type fishway) at the ARRC (Gifu, Japan) in March 1999 - Photo No. 2 : Hydraulic model of a vertical slot fishway looking upstream (Toyohashi University of Technology, project supervised by Professor S. Nakamura) - Photo No. 3 : Hydraulic model of a weir type fishway, looking upstream with resting pool in foreground and fish lock/elevator in bacground (Toyohashi University of Technology, project supervised by Professor S. Nakamura) - Photo No. 4 : Step-pool fishway on Kamo-gawa (Hyoto, Japan) on 27 Apr. 1999.
a3- Fishways in Australia : Photo No. 1 : Vertical slot fishway at Dalby weir on 8 Nov. 1997 (Condamine river, QLD). At the time of visit the weir was overflowing but the fishway was not operating - Photo No. 2 : step-pool fishway at Glenarbon weir (Dumaresq river, QLD) in Feb. 1998.
 

Coastlines

Coastlines of Australia
c6a- Gold Coast
Main Beach on 7 Aug. 1999. Looking North and South.
Tweeds Head on 28 Jul. 2000. Rip current near point Danger. Dolphins surfing the waves at the foot of Pt Danger cliff. Tweed Heads, Gold Coast, Australia. Photo No. 1 :  from Point Danger, Gold Coast, on 13 April 2001 after two days of big swell. Photo No. 2 : bar at entrance, surfer and small dinghy in swell (13 Apr. 2001). Photo No. 3 : plunging breaker at Snappers' Rock on 2 Aug. 2003. Photo No. 4 : Tweed River head, looking towar the sea on 3 Aug. 2003.
Rainbow Beach, Gold Coast, Australia. Photo No. 1 : Plunging breaker with surfers on 13 Apr. 2001. Photo No. 2 : Surfer and life saving rowing boat on 13 Apr. 2001.
c6b- Sunshine Coast
Coolum beach : Photo No. 1: Coolum beach on 16 Nov. 2002. Photo No. 2 : Coolum beach on 17 Nov. 2002. Photo No. 3: Coolum beach on 18 Nov. 2002 around 7:00 am. Point Artwright : Photo No. 1 : on 18 Nov. 2002 around 7:00 am. Mooloolaba : Photo No. 1 : Mooloolaba beach on 10 Aug. 2002 morning, during ebb, shortly after high tide. Photo No. 2: Mooloolaba beach on 10 Aug. 2002 morning, looking SE.
c7- Moreton island (Australia) : Western beach in 1992.
c8- Coffs Harbour beach (Australia) on 23 Nov. 1999.
c9- Corrimal beach, Wollongong (Australia) on 24&25 Nov. 1999. Panoramic view. Waves at sunrise.
c10- Hastings Point, NSW (Australia). Photo No. 1 : Cudgera Creek river on 16 June 2003 at early ebb tide, looking downstream, view from main bridge. Photo No. 2 : Cudgera Creek river mouth on 15 June 2003 at low tide.

Great Barrier Reef
gbr1- Heron Island, QLD. Photo No. 1 : at low tide on 28 Dec. 2001. Photo No. 2 : the Gantry on 28 Dec. 2001. Photo No. 3 : South-West beach at high tide on 27 Dec. 2001. Photo No. 4 : underwater photograph at Shark Bay on 26 Dec. 2001. Photo No. 5 : reef at low tide on 28 Dec. 2001. Photo No. 6 : Northern reef 2 hours before low tide on 25 Dec. 2001. Photo No. 7 : Black Noddy Terns (mother and child) on 25 Dec. 2001. Photo No. 8 : Heron Island Eastern Reef Egrets on 26 Dec. 2001. Photo No. 9 : Wedge-tailed Shearwater (Muttonbird) on 26 Dec. 2001 evening. Photo No. 10 : Green turtle leaving Heron Island on 25 Dec. 2001 around 6:00 am after laying her eggs. Photo No. 11 : turtle swimming in the reef.
    Read "Coastal Observations: Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia"

Atlantic wall (Mur de l'Atlantique) along French coastlines
See the Atlantic Wall section in Civil Engineering Structures. Read Coastal Observations: The Atlantic Wall in Bretagne Nord (North Brittany), France (Shore & Beach, Vol. 72, No. 4, pp. 10-12 & Front cover)
aw1- Les Rospects, Pointe Saint-Mathieu, France. The battery included at least four 150 mm gun bunkers and several other fortifications. Photo No. 2 : 150 mm gun bunker No. 1 on 15/04/2004. Photo No. 4 : fortification in frot of the 150 mm gun bunkers on 15/04/2004, with Tourelle Les Vieux Moines in background.
aw3- Pointe du Petit Minou, Goulet de Brest, France. Based in and above the Fort du Minou, the battery protected the entrance to the Goulet de Brest.  Photo No. 1 :  105 mm gun German bunker on 14/04/2004. Photo No. 2  Phare du Petit Minou and Fort from a 105 mm gun bunket on 20/04/2004 at low tide. Photo No. 3 : Observation and transmission tower inside Fort du Petit Minou on 20/04/200, viewed from Phare du Petit Minou.
aw4- Pointe de Portzic, Goulet de Brest, France. Based below the phare du Portzic, the battery was placed at the end of the Goulet de Brest. It waa designe to include four 105 mm gun bunkers, three 88 mm gun bunkers, and three 150 mm gun bunkers. Photo No. 1 : 105 mm gun German bunker on 14/04/2004. Photo No. 2 : 88 mm gun German bunker on 14/04/2004 just below Phare de Portzig. Photo No. 3 : View of the Goulet de Brest from a 105 mm gun German bunker on 14/04/2004.
aw5- Plage des Vallées, Côtes d'Armor (Bretagne, France). A 10 km long beach from Pléneuf-Val-André to Equy included Plage des Vallées, Plage de Nantois, Plage de la Ville-Berneuf, Caroual. The Western end was protected by a strong bunker overlooking the Plage des Vallées. Photo No. 1 : view from the roof the bunker looking at Plage des Vallees on 28/2/2004 at mid flood tide, with the beach under snow after Northernly snow falls. Photo No. 2 : View of a communication tunnel from the beach; parts of the blockhaus broke and landed on the beach in the mid 1990s. Photo No. 4 : observation bunker , with machine gun bunker behind at St Pabu beach on 18 Apr. 2004. Photo No. 5 : St Pabu beach from inside the machine gun bunker on 18 Apr. 2004, with the Verdelet island in background. Photo No. 6 : bunker (blockhaus) for gun above St Pabu beach on 18 Apr. 2004.
aw6- Plage du Val-André, Côtes d'Armor (Bretagne, France). The 2 km long beach was protected by at least 3 concrete bunker systems. One series of bunker was located at the Pointe des Murs Blancs; it include a casemate for machine gun and probably a larger bunker above. There was a concrete bunker (blockhaus) about middle of the beach (presently rue des Bignons), and there was a bunker system at Pointe de Pléneuf (also called Château-Tanguy) with an observation post overlooking both Plage du Val-André and Plage des Vallées. Photo No 1 : Les Mur Blancs, German bunker for machine gun on 18 Apr. 2004. Photo No. 2 : Looking NE at the Val-André beach from the casemate at high tide on 18 Apr. 2004.
aw8- Pointe de Kermorvan, Le Conquet, France. The Pointe de Kermorvan was a heavily fortified position defending the Northern entrance of Le Conquet harbour. The Kermorvan peninsula is covered by numerous German fortifications, including two 105-mm guns at Fort de Kermorvan, two large bunkers for guns, several Tobruk bunkers, especially on the Northern part of the peninsula, and one large circular turret (at least 2 levels deep) facing le Fort de l'Ilette on the Northern part of peninsula. Photo No. 1 : 105 mm gun German bunker on 19/04/2004, North of Fort de Kermorvan, with Phare de kermorvan on the right. Photo No. 2 : Tobrouk position above the Phare de Kermorvan on 19 Apr. 2004. Photo No. 3 : Tobrouk position overlooking the Fort de L'ilette on 19 Apr. 2004.
aw9- Pointe des Renards, Le Conquet, France. The Pointe des Renards was on the Southern side of Le Conquet harbour, facing the Fort de Kermorvan. The Pointe was equipped with at least two bunkers for guns with an additional fortification further South. Photo No. 1 : German bunker for gun, Pointe des Renards on 20/04/2004; the casemate faced South. Photo No. 2 : Pointe des Renards et Tourelle des Renards on 20/04/2004 at low tide, note the German bunker on the far right.
aw11- Aber Wrac'h, Pays du Léon, Bretagne, France. The entrance of the Aber Wrac'h was protected by several fortifications. At least two bunkers were located on Fort de Cézon, and there were several small bockhaus on the left entrance banks. One unusual bunker covered both entrances of Aber Wrac'h and Aber Benoit. Photo No. 1 : German blockhaus covering both entrances of Aber Benoit and Aber Wrac'h on 22/04/2004 at mid ebb tide; note the roof shape to keep some grass or sans as camouflage; it was unusual that there were two wide openings on left and right covering respectively the Aber Benoit and Aber Wrac'h entrances; the visible opening covered the Aber Benoit. Photo No. 2 : looking at Aber Wrac'h entrance from inside the bunker on 22/04/2004 at mid ebb tide, with the Phare de L'Ile Vierge in background. Photo No. 3 : observation bunker on 22/04/2004 covering the entrances of both Aber Benoit and Aber Wrac'h (mid ebb tide); the previous bunker is in background.
aw12- Pointe de la Coubre, Charente (France). Photo No. 1 : German bunker (Atlantic wall) partly buried in the beach in front of Phare de la Coubre; the bunker is now at the high water level line. Photo No. 2 : German bunkers from the Atlantic wall on the Plage de la Grande Cote on 20 July 2008.

Coastlines of China

Coastlines of Italy

c30- Bari, Italy. Photo No. 1 : detached breakwaters in front of Bari (Lungomare street) on 18 Feb. 2004. Photo No. 2 : entrance of Bari fishing harbour on 18 Feb. 2003.
c31- Venice, Italy and its lagoon (laguna) . Photo No. 1 : Palazzo Ducale, Piazza San Marco, Laguna Veneta on 30 June 007 around 12:00 noon. Photo No. 2 : Grand Canal, Laguna Veneta on 30 June 007 around 12:00 noon. Photo No. 3 : Rio deli Orso, off the Grand Canal, on 30 June 007 around 12:00 noon. Photo No. 4 : Rio di San Angelo, Laguna Veneta on 30 June 007 around 12:00 noon. Photo No. 5 : Isola di San Giorgio Maggiore, Laguna Veneta on 30 June 2007 around 17:00. Photo No. 6 : Isola di San Servolo, Laguna Veneta on 30 June 2007 around 17:00. Photo No. 7 : small canal in the Lido island, Venice, Italy on 1 July 2007 around 8:30 am - Looking towards the Laguna in background. Photo No. 8 : Certosa island, Laguna Veneta, view from Lido on 2 July 2007 around 7:00am. Photo No. 9 : canal between Lido and Certosa islands, Laguna Veneta, view from Lido on 2 July 2007 around 7:00am.

Whirlpools (Maelstrøm)
wh1- Naruto whirlpools. On Wed. 17 Oct. 2001, during the ebb flow (current from Insland Sea to Pacific Ocean), a freighter became trapped in the vortices, its bow hit the rocks and the ship was grounded until the next high tide. Photo No. 1 : general view from Ohnaruto bridge. Photo No. 2 : whirlpools and vortices with a freighter in background, note the large eddy (over 50-m diameter) on the right. Photo No. 3 : tourist boat in the middle of the whirlpools. Photo No. 4 : street of vortex. Photo No. 5 : Freighter and whirlpools. Photo No. 6 : whirlpool in foregound right with stranded freighter in background. Photo No. 7 : freighter trapped in Naruto whirlpools which became grounded beneath the bridge. Photo No. 8 : grounded bow of the freighter. Photo No. 9 : Flood flow on 9 July 2002 beneath the bridge (Courtesy of Drs ICHIMIYA and BROWN). Photo No. 10: Turbulent vortices during the flood flow on 9 July 2002 (Courtesy of Drs ICHIMIYA and BROWN).
wh2- Whirlpools at Naruto (Japan) on 17 October 2001
    "Experiencing Naruto Whirlpools." IAHR Newsletter, Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 17 & 28-29.  (Download PDF file)
                More about Whirlpools ...
 

Civil Engineering Structures

Great Wall of China
Mutianyu
gw1- Refurbished section : Photo No. 1 : looking West on 19 Sep. 2001. Photo No. 2 : looking West on 19 Sep. 2001. Photo No. 3 : looking West on 19 Sep. 2001. Photo No. 4 : Steep stair case (h = 0.35 m, 1V:0.7H) on 19 Sept. 2001. Photo No. 5 : looking East on 19 Sept. 2001. Photo No. 6 : looking East on 19 Sept. 2001. Photo No. 7 : old cannon (19 Sept. 2001).
gw2- Non-refurbished section : Photo No. 1 : West of Mutianyu on 19 Sept. 2001. Photo No. 2 : inside a fort (19 Sept. 2001). Photo No. 3 : West of Mutianyu on 19 Sept. 2001.

References : {http://www.travelchinaguide.com/china_great_wall/scene/beijing/} {http://www.travelchinaguide.com/china_great_wall/scene/beijing/mutianyu.htm}
 

Wind farms

Engineering failures and accidents of hydraulic and coastal structures

Extreme reservoir siltation
Natural streams and rivers have the ability to scour channel beds and to carry a large amount of solid particles (e.g. CHANSON 1999). When a dam is built across a river, it often acts as a sediment trap. After several years of use, a reservoir might become full of sediments and cease to provide water storage. In practice, the life expectancy of a reservoir is about 50 to 100 years. Extreme reservoir siltation may be defined as the rapid sedimentation process in less than 15 to 20 years.
        More about Extreme reservoir siltation ...
ers1- Koorawatha weir (1911) in December 1997 (Courtesy of Mr. and Mrs. CHANSON) [Ref.: CHANSON (1998), Intl. Jl of Sed. Res.;  CHANSON and JAMES 1998, Research Rep. CE157]. More about Arch dams ... More about Extreme reservoir siltation ...
ers2- Cunningham Creek dam (Harden NSW, Australia 1912) - Dr Chanson inspecting the dam wall and spillway in December 1997 (Courtesy of Mr. and Mrs. Chanson) [Ref.: CHANSON and JAMES 1998, Research Rep. CE157]. More about Arch dams ... More about Extreme reservoir siltation ...
ers3- Korrumbyn Creek dam (Murwillumbah NSW, Australia). Photo No. 1 : View from downstream on 25 April 1997. Photo No. 2 : downstream view of the pipeline intake in April 1997. Photo No. 3 : Korrumbyn Creek downstream of Korrumbyn Creek dam on 18 Aug. 2002. Note the huge bed load material. Photo No. 4 : Fully-silted reservoir with the dam wall in the background, on 17 Aug. 2002. Photo No. 5 : Bed load material in the delta (upstream end) of the fully-silted reservoir on 17 Aug. 2002. Photo No. 6 : dam wall view from the road on 17 Aug. 2002. Before June 2001, the dam wall was not visible from the road, although the abutment is less than 10 m from the bitumen. Major floods in May/June 2001 flattened the sub-tropical rainforest occupying the reservoir. Photo No. 7 : Mount Warning on 18 Aug. 2002. The climb takes about 4 hours.
    Read the history of the dam: download PDF file.
ers4- Nishiyawa reservoir (Japan, 1957) on the Hayagawa river, Yamanashi Prefecture. Fully-silted reservoir of Nishiyawa dam (Japan, 1957) , Japan in November 1998. The river is a tributary of the Fujigawa river, flowing at the foot of Mount Fuji.The Hayagawa is located on the Western slopes of the Fujigawa catchment. The dam characteristics are : H = 39 m, L = 112 m, Res. Cap. = 2.38 Mm3, spillway cap. : 575 m3/s. The reservoir became fully-silted by gravel bed-load in less than 20 years. The reservoir was dredged in the 1990s down to 2-m to resume hydropower operation.

Bridge failures
BF1- Brookbent road bridge, Brisbane (Australia). Photo No. 1 : Damaged Brookbent road (destroyed by flood in 1996), Algester QLD. Looking downsteam in Aug. 1999 - Note bridge abutment on left bank.
 

Earthquake related disasters

Tsunami
A tsunami is a long-period wave generated by ocean bottom motion during an earthquake. (Tsunami is Japanese word meaning "harbour wave". A tsunami is also called seismic sea wave. It is sometimes incorrectly termed "tidal wave" but the process is not related to the tides.) Occasionally a tsunami might be caused by another earth movement (e.g. underwater landslide, volcanic activity). (A related case is the impulse wave generated by rockfalls, landslides, ice falls, glacier breakup or snow avalanches in lakes and man-made reservoirs. Some impulse waves might be induced by earthquake-generated falls.) The tsunami wave length is typically about 200 to 350 km and the tsunami behaves as a shallow water wave, even in deep sea. Although the wave amplitude is moderate in the middle of the ocean (e.g. 0.5 to 1 m), the tsunami wave slows down and the wave height increases near the shoreline, with periods ranging between 20 minutes and several hours typically. The wave runup height might reach several metres above the natural sea level.
Relevant links:    Pacific Tsunami Warning Center {http://tsunami.gov/} - Tsunami Pacific Museum {http://www.tsunami.org/} - NOAA Tsunami website {http://www.tsunami.noaa.gov/} - NOAA {http://www.noaa.org/} - Experimental Study of Tsunami Runup on Dry and Wet Horizontal Coastlines (International Journal of the Tsunami Society, Science of Tsunami Hazards., Vol. 20, No. 5, pp. 278-293 )- The 26 December 2004 Tsunami: a Hydraulic Engineering Phenomenon of International Significance. First Comments (Jl La Houille Blanche, 2005, No. 2, pp. 25-32).

ts1- Tsunami warning signs in Japan. Photo No. 1 : Tsunami warning sign post off Takatoyo beach, Enshunanda (Aichi Prefecture)  on 27 March 1999; note the surfers and fishermen drawings. Photo No. 2 : the same old warning sign on 7 November 2008. Photo No. 3 : new tsunami warning sign on Takatoyo beach on 7 November 2008. Photo No. 4 : another type of new tsunami warning sign in Aichi Prefecture on 22 November 2008 along the Enshu coastline. Photo No. 5: another type of new tsunami warning sign at  Mutsure fishing harbour (Aichi Prefecture) on 23 Nov. 2008. Photo No. 6: another new tsunami warning sign at Magome River mouth (Shizuoka Prefecture) on 27 Nov. 2008. Photo No. 7: another new tsunami warning sign at the Tenryu River mouth (Shizuoka Prefecture) on 27 Nov. 2008. [Related : Calculating the threat of tsunami]

ts2- Tsunami in Indonesia on 26 December 2004 (Magnitude 9.0)
ts2.1 USGS Earthquake Hazards Program report {http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqinthenews/2004/usslav/}

ts2.2 Preliminary comments on 5/01/2005 by Hubert Chanson to River-List and Coastal_list, and additional comments on 9/2/2005

ts2.3 Video animation of the tsunami propagation prediction by the USGS - Credit NOAA (Quicktime movies). Movie No. 1: preliminary tsunami prediction in Indian Ocean. Movie No. 2: tsunami prediction in Indian Ocean. Movie No. 3 : complete preditions.
ts2.4 NOOA Compilation of report, data and information {http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tsunami/sumatra20041226.html}
ts2.5 Engineering report by the French Atomic Energy Commission {http://www-dase.cea.fr/actu/dossiers_scientifiques/2004-12-26/index.html} (in French).
ts2.6 The December 26, 2004 Earthquake Tsunami Disaster of Indian Ocean by Research Group on The December 26, 2004 Earthquake Tsunami Disaster of Indian Ocean {http://www.drs.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/sumatra/index-e.html}
ts2.7 NASA Earth Observatory photographs of the devastated coatal zones {http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/shownh.php3?img_id=12643} - See also "Other Images for this Event".
ts2.8 Series of video from "Waveofdestruction.org" {http://www.waveofdestruction.org/}
ts2.9 Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. Comprehensive report {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake}
ts2.10 Japanese Website on Tsunami Research {http://www.drs.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/sumatra/index-e.html}. Include links on the tsunami {http://www.drs.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/sumatra/index-e.html}, a timetable of the tsunami propagation{http://staff.aist.go.jp/kenji.satake/Sumatra-E.html} and tidal gauge data {http://www.drs.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/sumatra/index-e.html#tn}.
ts2.11 Tsunami propagation and observations on Queensland coast, Australia {http://www.epa.qld.gov.au/publications/p01500aa.pdf/Queensland_EPA_monitors_2004_Asian_Tsunami.pdf}.

ts2.12 Engineering survey at Phuket and report by a Japanese-Thai research team led by DPRI Kyoto {http://www.drs.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/sumatra/thailand/phuket_survey_e.html}
ts2.13 Second Engineering survey at Phuket and report by a Japanese-Thai research team led by DPRI Kyoto {http://www.drs.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/sumatra/thailand}
ts2.14 Report and photographs on tsunami damage in Indonesia by Dr Jose Borrero, University of Southern California {http://www.usc.edu/dept/tsunamis/2005/tsunamis/041226_indianOcean/sumatra/sumatra.html}
ts2.15 Engineering Report on tsunami runup heights in Indonesia, by the International Tsunami Information Center (ITIC) Team {http://www.eri.u-tokyo.ac.jp/namegaya/sumatera/surveylog/eindex.htm}.
ts2.16 Engineering report on tsunami runup heights around Galle, Sri Lanka, by a Japanese team {http://www.drs.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/sumatra/srilanka/galle_survey_e.html}
ts2.17 Engineering report on tsunmai runup heights around Southern Part of Sri Lanka, by Yokohama National University {http://www.drs.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/sumatra/SriLanka_survey_result/srilanka_survey_ynu_e.html}
ts2.18 Measurements made in Indonesia by Russian team field survey - January 20-29, 2005 {http://tsun.sscc.ru/tsulab/20041226.htm} and relevant information

 Read "The 26 December 2004 Tsunami: a Hydraulic Engineering Phenomenon of International Significance. First Comments." Jl La Houille Blanche, 2005, No. 2, pp. 25-32 (ISSN 0018-6368) (Download PDF file).

Photographs
ts2.51 Reunion island (ile de la Reunion) : photographs suggested a small vertical runup. Photo 1 : photograph taken between 13h30 and 14h00 at Port de St Pierre on 26 Dec. 2004 by Axou. Photo 2 : St Pierre beach (Plage de St Pierre) around 13h30 after the first tsunami wave on 26 Dec. 2004 (photograph by Axou); note the marks left by the wave runup on the beach.
ts2.52 Photographs at Khao Lak (or Kaoh Lak), Thailand by John M. THOMPSON {http://www.sonomacountylaw.com/tsunami/index.htm}. Photo No. 1 : seconds before the tsunami waves hit the land, at 10:26 local time (Courtesy of John M. THOMPSON). Photo No. 2 : tsunami waters sweeping through the Seagull Andaman Resort, at 10:28 local time (Courtesy of John M. THOMPSON). Photo No. 3 : waters receeding through the resort at 10:32 local time (Courtesy of John M. THOMPSON). Photo No. 4 : debris during water receeding, around 10:32 local time (Courtesy of John M. THOMPSON).  Photo No. 5  : almost two hours (around 12:00noon) after the first tsunami wave struck (Courtesy of John M. THOMPSON). Photo No. 6 : Large bay where there used to be only a small river (Courtesy of John M. THOMPSON). See also NASA Earth Observatory Images {http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/natural_hazards_v2.php3?img_id=12648} &{http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/natural_hazards_v2.php3?img_id=12677}. Space Imaging pictures {http://www.spaceimaging.com/gallery/tsunami/default.htm#khaolak}.
ts2.53 Photographs on tsunami damage in Indonesia by Dr Jose Borrero, University of Southern California {http://www.usc.edu/dept/tsunamis/2005/tsunamis/041226_indianOcean/sumatra/sumatra.html}
tc2.54 Photographs of tsunmai damage around the Indian Ocean by Dr Jose Borrero {http://www.usc.edu/dept/tsunamis/2005/tsunamis/041226_indianOcean/041226_indianOcean.html}
ts2.55 Photo / Image Database by Kenji Harada, DPRI University of Kyoto  - The December 26, 2004 Earthquake Tsunami Disaster of Indian Ocean {http://www.drs.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/sumatra/photo/?exec=SEARCH&m=s&q=kenji+harada}
ts2.56 Photographs from NASA Earth Observatory {http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/shownh.php3?img_id=12643} - See also "Other Images for this Event".
ts2.57 Photographs of tsunami damage in Western Aceh by Russian team {http://tsun.sscc.ru/tsulab/20041226photos.htm}.

Taiwan Chi-Chi earthquake (21 Sept. 1999)
cc1- Failure of building columns at the ground floor in Nantou (Photograph taken on 25-9-99, Courtesy of Ms YANG Soo-Zhen).
cc2- Overhanging roof sections in Nantou (Photograph taken on 25-9-99, Courtesy of Ms YANG Soo-Zhen).
cc3- Complete collapse of a ground floor, in Nantou (Photograph taken on 25-9-99, Courtesy of Ms YANG Soo-Zhen). Note the crushed cars on the left.
cc4- Damage to a school building, in Nantou (Photograph taken on 25-9-99, Courtesy of Ms YANG Soo-Zhen).  Note that the walls connecting the columns (ground floor) had some impact on the  location of the column failure (Comments by Mr W.H. BOYCE).
cc5- Building tilted following failure of the ground floor, in Nantou (Photograph taken on 25-9-99, Courtesy of Ms YANG Soo-Zhen).
cc6- Building tilted by quake. (Photograph taken on 25-9-99, Courtesy of Ms YANG Soo-Zhen)
cc7- Collapse of the ground floor, in Nantou (Photograph taken on 25-9-99, Courtesy of Ms YANG Soo-Zhen). The column remains are testimony of the  failure.
cc8- Road damage in Nantou (Photograph taken on 25-9-99, Courtesy of Ms YANG Soo-Zhen) - Photo No. 1; Photo No. 2.
cc10 - Waterfall was caused by an upward fault thrust downstream of Shih-Kang Dam.  The Bei-Fung bridge on the left was destroyed because one pier was pushed about 7-m upwards by the fault (Courtesy of the Department of Economics Affairs, Taiwan R.O.C., and Mr Shiang-Kueen HSU). (Basic reference : HWANG 1999)
cc11- Shih-Kang dam on the Ta-Chia river. Destruction of three spillway gates on the right-side of Shih-Kang dam (Courtesy of the Department of Economics Affairs, Taiwan R.O.C., and Mr Shiang-Kueen HSU). The detoured branch of the Cher-Lung-Pu fault ran across the Northern end of the dam. The South side of the fault raised the dam by 9.8 m and the North side by 2-m, and destroyed the Northern spillways and gates of the dam (Basic reference : HWANG 1999, pp. 22-23).
cc12- Failed road span and pier for the last spillway gate at Shih-Kang dam (Courtesy of the Department of Economics Affairs, Taiwan R.O.C., and Mr Shiang-Kueen HSU). (Basic reference : HWANG 1999)
        More information {http://www.rcep.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/main/taiwan/index-E.html}. More links {http://www2.rcep.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~sato/taiwan/index.html}, {http://www.iris.washington.edu/DOCS/taiwan.htm}.
 

Aircrafts and "Flying machines"

Cascades, water staircases and fountains (cascades, fontaines, bassin)

    Learn more about the Formal Water Garden ....        Natural cascades and waterfalls : Click Here.    Artifical river system, fishway and fish pas : Click Here.
 

Research experiments

e4- Air entrainment in a Roman dropshaft model (H. CHANSON 1998), flow from the top left to the right. Note the downstream channel and the deep shaft. The geometry is well-suited to maximise air bubble entrainment and gas transfer in the shaft (e.g. re-oxygenation). [Ref.: CHANSON 2000, Am Jl Archaeology, CHANSON 2002, Jl of Hyd. Res.]
e13- Dropshaft hydraulics
Roman dropshaft in operation : Recret model (Aug. 1998) [Ref.:  CHANSON 2000, Am Jl Archaeology, CHANSON 2002, Jl of Hyd. Res.]
    Regime R1 : the usual operation mode in Roman aqueduct (photo d_c/h = 0.06);  Regime R2 : high risks of erosion and damage at the intake of downstream conduit (photo d_c/h = 0.12); Regime R3 : at large flow rates, usual operation in modern sewer dropshaft (photo d_c/h = 0.22)
    Roman dropshaft in operation : Valdepuentes model (90-degree angled outlet) (Aug. 1999) [Ref.:  CHANSON 2000, Am Jl Archaeology, CHANSON 2002, Jl of Hyd. Res.]
    Full scale hydraulic model of Roman dropshaft. Drop in invert elevation: 1.7 m, pool depth: 1 m, shaft dimensions: 0.75 m by 0.76 m, flow rates: 5 to 70 L/s (CHANSON 2004, Jl Irrigation & Drainage Engrg.). Regime R1 : photograph for Q = 7.6 L/s (July 2002); Regime R3 : photograph for Q = 67 L/s (Aug. 2002).
e14- Flow past an orifice and a Venturi. Flow visualisation with a smoke generator at the University of Queensland. Photo No. 1: general view of the smoke general with the orifice and Venturi models inside. Photo No. 2: turbulent flow visualisation; flow from bottom to top, with the orifice model on the left and Venturi model on the right (shutter speed: 1/80 s). Photo No. 3: flow from bottom to top (shutter speed: 1/6 s). Photo No.4: turbulent flow motion (shutter speed: 1/80s); note the flow separation downstream of the orifice (left, top).

Teaching experiments and projects

te1- Hele-Shaw cell experiments
(1) Flow past a Rankine body, where the green dye injected at the source does not mix with the red dye injected in the uniform flow (flow from left to rigth). (2) Flow past a thick rounded plate perpendicular to the flow (flow from right to left). (3) Flow past a thick rounded foil with 15% camber perpendicular to the flow (flow from right to left)
(4) CIVL4160 Advanced Fluid Mechanics Student Group 1 looking at Hele-Shaw cell apparatus with dye injection, model M3 (15% camber) with zero angle of incidence on 26/04/2005

te2- Wind tunnel projects

Student field works and studies

ft2- Sediment processes and reservoir sedimentation
(1) Field study on 4 September 2002
Korrumbyn Creek dam (Murwillumbah NSW, Australia 1917). Photo No. 1 : View from downstream on 25 April 1997. Photo No. 2 : downstream view of the pipeline intake in April 1997. Photo No. 3 : Korrumbyn Creek downstream of Korrumbyn Creek dam on 18 Aug. 2002. Note the huge bed load material. Photo No. 4 : Fully-silted reservoir with the dam wall in the background, on 17 Aug. 2002. Photo No. 5 : Bed load material in the delta (upstream end) of the fully-silted reservoir on 17 Aug. 2002. Photo No. 6 : dam wall view from the road on 17 Aug. 2002. Before June 2001, the dam wall was not visible from the road, although the abutment is less than 10 m from the bitumen. Major floods in May/June 2001 flattened the sub-tropical rainforest occupying the reservoir. Photo No. 7 : Mount Warning on 18 Aug. 2002. The climb takes about 4 hours.   Read the history of the dam: download PDF file. More about Extreme reservoir siltation ...
Field study:  Photo No. 8 : Korrumbyn Creek, looking downstrream during student field trip on 4 Sept. 2002. Photo No. 9 : Korrumbyn Creek dam during student field trip on 4 Sept. 2002. Photo No. 10 : Korrumbyn Creek reservoir, looking upstream during student field trip on 4 Sept. 2002.

ft3- Flood plain modelling and culvert design
(1) Field study on 13 May 2002
Photo No. 1 : Inlet of a MEL culvert along Norman Creek underneath Ridge Street, Brisbane (QLD, Australia). Note the handrail along the bicycle/footpath passing in one cell. MEL culvert No. MEL-C-3 (CHANSON 1999, pp. 421-430). Design discharge : 220 m³/s, 7 cells of 2-m width each. View of the inlet during a field trip with students in Aug. 2000. Culvert outlet during field trip with students in Aug. 2001 (Courtesy of Mr A.K. ABDULLAH SANI). Outlet viewed from downstream on 13 May 2002 (Courtesy of C. HINTON). Inlet operationOutlet operation on 31 Dec. 2001 after a rainstorm (Q ~ 60-70 m3/s). Approach flood plain , Inlet and Downstream flood plain during CIVL4510 student survey on 13 May 2002.
Photo No. 2 : Outlet and barrel of a MEL waterway along Norman Creek, under the South-East freeway and parallel to Ridge St (Brisbane QLD, Australia). Looking upstream. MEL waterway No. MEL-W-1 (CHANSON 1999, pp. 421-430). Design discharge : 200 m³/s, Barrel width : 10 m. Outlet operation (view from downstream) on 31 Dec. 2001 after a rainstorm (Q ~ 60-70 m3/s). Field trip by CIVL4510 students (where are they?) on 13 May 2002. Photo No. 24: MEL water MEL-W-1 barrel in operation on 7 Nov. 2004, looking downstream; note the standing wave flow; Photo No. 25: inlet operation, view from right bank (MEL waterway (MEL-W-1) on 7 Nov. 2004); Photo No. 26: outlet operation, looking upstream (MEL waterway (MEL-W-1) on 7 Nov. 2004).
Photo No. 4 : MEL culvert No. MEL-C-2 (CHANSON 1999, pp. 421-430). Design discharge : 220 m3/s. Located along Norman Creek underneath SE Freeway parallel to Birdwood St, Brisbane (Australia). Inlet, looking from the left bank on 13 May 2002.
Photo No. 5 : MEL culvert No. MEL-C-X2 (CHANSON 1999), Ekibin Park, on Norman Creek. Design discharge : 220 m3/s. Built in 1971. Located underneath South-East Freeway. Inlet survey during Field survey CIVL4510 on Mon 13 May 2002.
Photo No. 6 : MEL culvert No. MEL-C-4 (CHANSON 1999). Design discharge : ~220 m3/s. MEL culvert beneath the Gateway motorway (Brisbane, Australia). Photo No. 6a : inlet on 11 Sept. 2002 during CIVL3140 student field trip. Photo No. 6b : inlet wingwall on 11 Sept. 2002 during CIVL3140 student field trip.
Photo No. 7 : MEL culvert No. MEL-C-5 (CHANSON 1999). Design discharge : ~100 m3/s. MEL culvert beneath the Gateway motorway (Brisbane, Australia). Photo No. 7a : inlet on 11 Sept. 2002 during CIVL3140 student field trip. Photo No. 7b : students in inlet channel on 11 Sept. 2002 during CIVL3140 student field trip. Photo No. 7c : students at the dowsntream end of the barrel on 11 Sept. 2002 during CIVL3140 student field trip.
(2) Field works on 11 April 2005
Group 1 : students surveying the Birdwood St MEL culvert inlet, looking upstream from the barrel. Group 2 : student discussion in the Ekibin MEL culvert inlet. Group 3 : survey preparation, downstream of the Ekibin MEL culvert outlet. Group 4 : field work preparation. Group 5 : survey of the MEL waterway beneath the SE freeway. Group 6 : survey of the Ridge St MEL culvert inlet. Group 8 : flood plain survey downstream of Juliette St. Group 9 : student survey of Cornwall St culvert.

Read more on "Enhancing Students' Motivation in the Undergraduate Teaching of Hydraulic Engineering: the Role of Field Works" (2004 ASCE Jl of Prof. Issues in Eng. Educ. and Practice, Vol. 130, No. 4, pp. 259-268. "Should Field Works Be Compulsory in Hydraulic Engineering Courses ?" IAHR Newsletter, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 27-30.

Lecture

P1- Poster presentation on "Study of Extreme Reservoir Siltation in Australia",  Proc. Water 99 Joint Congress, 25th Hydroogy & Water Res. Symp. and 2nd Intl Conf. Water Res. & Environ. Research, Brisbane, Australia.
 

Learn more about ... (Resources)

Air entrainment on chute and stepped spillways ... {http://www.uq.edu.au/~e2hchans/self_aer.html}
Air entraiment at a circular plunging jet: physical and acoustic characteristics - Internet Database {http://www.uq.edu.au/~e2hchans/bubble/}
Hydraulics of rubber dams ... {http://www.uq.edu.au/~e2hchans/rubber.html}
Current expertise and experience on stepped channel flows {http://www.uq.edu.au/~e2hchans/dpri/topic_2.html}
Embankment overflow stepped spillways: earth dam spillways with precast concrete blocks {http://www.uq.edu.au/~e2hchans/over_st.html}
Spillway Aeration Devices to prevent Cavitation Damage in high-head chutes {http://www.uq.edu.au/~e2hchans/aer_dev.html}

Minimum Energy Loss culverts and bridge waterways ... {http://www.uq.edu.au/~e2hchans/mel_culv.html}
The Minimum Energy Loss (MEL) weir design: an overflow earthfill embankment dam {http://www.uq.edu.au/~e2hchans/mel_weir.html}

The Formal Water Garden .... {http://www.uq.edu.au/~e2hchans/wat_gard.html}
Whirlpools ... {http://www.uq.edu.au/~e2hchans/whirlpl.html}
 

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